Amerindians of the Caribbean

Content Topic 2 Introduction . 2 take 3 Appearance 3-4 diversion 5 Housing 5-6 excerption (farming and hunting)6-8 Religion. References9 Topic The Arawak of Guyana, their cultures, land use patterns and their effect on the landscape and biota. Introduction The Arawaks are thought to have settled at Hosororo creek on the Aruka River or so 3,500 years ago. They planted manioc (manihot esculenta) which they parched into bread on ceramic frys on the hilltops. Arawaks occupied the Corentyne River withal around 2,000 years ago leaving a unique type of arguing engraving, c only(prenominal)ed Timehri Petroglyphs.Due to the amount of rich protein supply fix along the coastal swamps, the Arawaks move hund rubors of tons of earth with wooden shovels, in order to build household mounds and raised fields for farming. According to Denis Williams this settlement str ingestgy has sustained gracious population on coastal swamps during the European era and into the present. During the r ainy epoch the Arawaks hunted a lot, when animals were state to migrate from lowlands in search of mettle closely ground. Animals commonly hunted were the deer, tapir, labba, wild hog, agouti, birds, parrots and turtles.They were kn witness as sustenance producers, withal they are also known for their keistertery making skills as they were the firstborn people to bring pottery to Guyana. The Arawaks have made great contributions to Guyana culture, at present many places are named by the Arawaks, most of our rivers and creeks are named by the Arawaks. The Arawak soil is deemed the most intelligent of the Amerindian nations. Fig. 1 Map of Guyana showing the location of the Arawaks History The Amerindians is said to be the first inhabitants to Guyana who entered the territory to the highest degree 11,000 years ago.Amerindians initially lived on low, swampy coastland regions. The coastal plain was built up by alluvial deposits from the rising Atlantic Ocean ranging from 17,00 0 to 6000 years ago. The Arawak nation is said to be the second nation to arrive in Guyana after the Warraus who came to begin with approximately 84000 years ago. It is said that a number of Arawak tribes have been nonextant for several hundreds of years. What could have happened that would bring a population that once numbered 2 to 3 million down to just a few constant of gravitation by the early circumstances of the 16th century?Throughout annals the Arawak were subject to many hostile take-oers, diseases, enslavement, damage to food supplies and much more. Inevitably, by the end of the 16th century the Island Arawak had become extinct. Sadly, the Arawak Indians have been eliminated or greatly reduced in number in many areas, most of which imply the Caribbean, Guadeloupe, West Indies, Barbados, and the Virgin Islands. Their numbers have been slowly rising, so that today upwards of 30, 000 Arawak currently reside in Guyana, with a very nice number existing in Suriname and F rench Guiana. AppearanceBecause of the broad distribution of the Arawaks, miniature uni embodimentity can be found in their culture or racial type. It has been found though that the language they speak distinguish them from the embossment of the world. The Arawaks were well shaped, slightly built and medium height. It appeared that they were physically weak in comparison with the Africans and Europeans. Their skin was olive which mean smooth and brown. The Arawaks were considered naturally good- facial expression but distorted their features by artificial means. As babies their heads were flattened at the forehead, this elongated head was considered a mark of beauty.This is thought to have been do to thicken the skull thus it could withstand heavy blows. The Arawaks had broad nose and their nostrils in all probability flared wide. Their h channelise was straight and black but coarse and was usually wasted long. Figure 2 showing an Arawak family The Arawak men painted their bodi es with bright coloured dyes with carcass and fat mixed all over smearing patterns all over their bodies some of them with black, others white and others red, most of them on their bodies and some on their faces, and look or only the nose.The favorite paint was Roucou a red dye, besides being colorful, the clay and grease kept insects and rain turned. The Arawaks also had body piercings and wore ornaments made from clay, shell and cotton. A plate of capital and bull alloy called the guanin was worn by chiefs who also dressed in gold crowns and feather headdresses. Some generation the Arawaks had gold in their noses as plugs or dangling ornaments. The Arawaks saw gold as nothing more than a form of decoration. The women wore simple bead aprons and necklaces. A number of slim amulets (Fig. ) or charms were carried in sacks around the neck, foot and wrist. Others made from cotton shell and clay were twist into hair. Figure 3 showing amulets worn or carried by the Arawaks Entert ainment The Arawaks had ample leisure time and many festivals marked by the Arawak year, some religious and some not so. For example the naming of a sis was time to rejoicing of the Arawaks that a child without a name give meet with great misfortune. The wedding of a cacique and the inauguration of a new cacique were times of festivity.Arawaks are fond of sports, although not war-ridden like us. The favorite sport called batos was a ball game with the grumpy between volleyball and football. The game was played with a hard guard ball. The main aim of the game was to keep the ball in the air using only the thighs and never touching the hands or feet. The most well-known of the Arawaks pleasure was that of smoking. The Arawaks called the tobacco plant plant cohiba and the pipe for smoking the leaves, tabaco. The Arawaks wish tobacco for peace and contentment, and for helping them to meditate.They made cigars and smoked it in a pipe which they enjoyed very much. Fig. 4 showing Ara wak harvesting and smoking tobacco Housing All the Arawaks indispensable were a shelter to keep off rain. Arawak houses were rectangular with steep thatched roofs. The larger ones had a covered porch before the entry. The formula of these houses is rather simple. Wooden posts were put into the ground in a whirligig and canes were woven between them and tied with creepers. The roof was thatched in a conelike shape and a hole was left at the top to result smoke to escape.There were no windows and only an opening was left for a door and the houses were thoroughly built and could withstand hurricanes. The tasks of building houses were done by the men. Fig. 5 showing the house of an Arawak Survival (farming and hunting) The Arawaks were subsistence farmers, growing food mainly for their own needs and with a little left over for trade. Some crops are shown in fig. . They cut down trees to make room for planting and utilize the slash-and-burn method of farming. This is a simple meth od where the land was burnt to attract it of weeds and bush.The ash produced was mixed with fish and urine to produce plant food to help prolong the productiveness of the land. Crops were then planted in the ashes among the blacken tree stumps. These primitive farmers did not practice crop rotation, after about five to ten years, the soil would become exhausted, and the village would proceed to progress to fresh land, however, slash and burn is no longer used. Instead, shifting gloss is their new form of farming. Women did the planting and were responsible for the preparation of food.The crop mandioc (also known manioc), slips were cut from the stem and planted in mounds on the level earth. Cassava was planted twice a year when the soil was damp. The Arawaks ate a variety of other fruits and vegetables including pineapples, star apples, guavas and cashews. The Arawaks did not touch mom apples as they believed that it was food for the dead. Arawaks did not rely on field crops for all their food. Due to living on the coast oceans and rivers were rich in foods which needed little effort to gather shellfish, turtle eggs, snails and gull.Huge piles of shells have been found among the remains of camp sites. Arawaks trapped many small animals including bots, lizards, snakes, iguanas and agouties. The only national animal known to Arawaks was a small dog. Fig. 6 Showing some crops grown by Arawak As mentioned, the women were also responsible for all food preparations. The main food of the Arawaks was cassava, which required special preparation since it was brutal in its natural state. First, the root was grated on a board covered small pebbles or rough coral until it formed a paste. Fig. 4 is an quality of this tool.This was put into a wicker tube, one end of which was hung from a branch, objet dart a weight was attached to the other end. This caused the tube to contract, and forced the poisonous liquid out through the wicker. The remaining paste was left t o modify and then pounded into dredge using a stone mortar and pestle. The flour was formed into flat cakes and baked on a clay griddle until they were hard and dry. In this way, the cassava flour could keep from an extended decimal point of time. Fig. 7 showing an Arawak grind stone Seasoning played a big part in food preparation. Salt and especially common stream were the common seasonings used.In addition, a sauce called cassareep, which was made of cassava juice, salt and pepper was frequently used, especially when serving the Arawaks simplest dish, pepperpot. Note that both cassareep and pepperpot are wide used throughout Guyana today. Pepperpot was prepared in a large clay pot. Cassava juice, with the poison extracted of course, beans, peanuts, potato and some meat were all allowed to simmer. This pot of soup was used to feed a family about three times a day and as the pot is emptied, more ingredients are added so that one can have pepperpot at any time of the day or night .The Arawaks could also make intoxicating drinks out of cassava and stinker such as piwari and cassiri, but drunkenness was uncommon except on some ceremonial occasions. However, smoking tobacco was a big part of the Arawak culture. Religion The Arawaks religious believe was called animism and was based on a flavour world, this practice aimed at honoring the spirit god. However Hillhouse claimed that the Arawaks worshipped the universal proposition creator, a supreme being who they called Aluberi. They also believed that the sky was the source of all things powerful and good.Certain men in society were single out to explain the mysterious and control the spirit world. They were called shamans or piaimen and were said to have sorcerous powers. Arawaks believe that disease was nothing but the presence of evil spirit. These medicine men had the power possessed to drive out disease. The piaimen were versed in the knowledge of herbs to treat disease. Connected with the belief in ev il pot liquor also was the Kanaima. The Kanaima would track down its victims for years for the sake of revenge.He was thought to be an evil spirit in the form of a man. References Some notes on the Amerindians of Guyana Then and Now. Compiled by Shebana Daniel Uncle Basil An Arawak Biography. By Justin Greene- Roesel The Prehistoric Arawak of Guyana. By Jennifer Wishart, Walter Roth Museum The Amerindians and the Europeans. By M. N. Menezes http//www. google. ca/imgres? q=Arawaks+of+Guyana//html accessed December 10, 2012 http//www. google. gy/imgres? q=arawak+smoking+tobaccocigarettes. org/history. html accessed December 10, 2012