Phone Essay

Besides that, the usage of mobile phones is also affecting the student health. Mobile phone is not just spoils student morally and psychologically but it also brings some physical problem like sense of hearing and brain problems. In addition, the Doctors said that the number of youngsters with Repetitive Stress Injury is increasing. A Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) is a damage of part of the body had overusing or exerting too much of stress. According to the studies, texting message regularly, over a period of time, may cause repetition strain. If mobile phone is allowed to bring to school, the longer time of students will get attached with their mobile phone; this causes the percentage of students getting RSI is getting higher. Human heads absorb most of the radiation emits from the mobile phone. The longer time student attached with the cell phone, the more radiation student will get. Radiation is not good for our health as it might cause us vomiting, nausea, losses of white blood and headache even cancer. For a healthy lifestyle, student should get away from the mobile phone. In a nutshell, although there are some advantages of bringing mobile phone to school, there are also many disadvantages that students bring mobiles phone to school. In my opinion, students should not be allowed to bring mobile phones or have mobile phone at school Mobile phones bring some physical problem to the students if the students always use the mobile phones in the school. Besides that, the government should not approve any schools of allowing students bring mobile phones to school. The parents of the student also must not allow their children to bring mobile phones to school. These will solve the problems that students bring mobile phones to school. Without the mobile phones, the results of the students would be going up because the students can concentrate and study harder in class. The disadvantages of bringing mobile phone to school are out way the advantages. Thus, students should not be allowed to bring mobile phones to school.

Anthro fieldnotes

Define and give a bit of its significance, such what these people/things/practices/ rules are and do in the book (go to other side of page or a new one if necessary): Text never A shaman who was believed to have the ability to enter a trance and negotiate for his patient's health. Was mainly used by Hong people who couldn't conceive children. Dab a malevolent spirit that was detaining a child birth. Huh plug soul calling, which In Laos was always the third day after child birth.Are aqua dab peg and epilepsy the same thing? Write how you think each one Is the same or different. They are basically the same thing because they both refer to an illness. Quad dab peg means the spirit catches you and you fall down. (Chapter 4) What were some of the refugees' conceptions of Western doctors and the health care system? Why were taxi enables better than doctors? They thought the Western doctors would chop them up and eat them or sell them as food.Taxi enables ere better than doctors because the y would go to the patient's homes instead of making them go to the hospital. They also came up with diagnostics rather quickly. Fading finds it significant? Why use it to talk about Hong history? What histories do we learn about in this brief chapter? Fading finds it interesting because you can't catch a fish without a pole, and for a pole you need a hook, and for the hook you need to know what kind of fish you are catching and so on.In the short histories you learn about the violent past of the Hong people and what happened in China. How did you feel when the court ordered Lila Lee to be taken away from her parents (p. 59)? Do you believe it was the right decision? Was any other solution possible in the situation? I believe it was unfair because they were only doing in what they believed in. They believed in their traditional ways and not our traditional ways. I don't blame them for not trusting the Western Ways.

Bill Clinton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bill Clinton - Essay Example ed States because the US enjoyed a relatively high prosperity during his term progressive laws such as State Children’s Health Insurance Program and agreements such as North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA. Because of these achievements, he ended his term with one of the highest approval rating of all times. His presidency however was tainted with a scandal involving an intern named Monika Lewinsky between the period 1998-99 that led to an impeachment trial initiated by the House of Representatives and later acquitted by the Senate (www.infoplease.com, nd). The started by the was filed by Paula Corbin Jones on May 6, 1994 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas when he allegedly made sexual advances to her when he was still a governor of Arkansas. Judge Susan Webber Wright however decided in favor of President Clinton on April 1, 1998 and a settlement was made on November 13, 1998 (infoplease.com, nd). The lawyers of Ms. Jones again presented witnesses to the lawyers of President Clinton to continue the allegations against the President’s pattern of deceit. It was alleged that Monika Lewinsky had sexual relationship with the President. Among the witnesses presented was Monika Lewinsky whose name was presented by Linda Tripp a confidant of Monika Lewinsky who was also a White House staff. Tapes of various conversations relating Monika Lewinsky’s contracts with the President was presented. Monika Lewinsky’s lawyers however issued a sworn statement on her behalf in which she asserted that she had never had a sexual relationship with the President. To quote the affidavit; I have never had a sexual relationship with the President, he did not propose that we have a sexual relationship, he did not offer me employment or other benefits in exchange for a sexual relationship, he did not deny me employment or other benefits for rejecting a sexual relationship (Rutgers University, 2014). For his part, President

Information Security White Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Security White Paper - Essay Example Information security systems also assists in data recovery in cases where businesses accidentally losses vital data. Information security system would always eliminate damage or distress that result from data loss. Besides, proper storage of company data would instill customers’ interest in the respective business entity as the later maintains higher levels confidentiality of customers’ information. Such businesses win the attention of customers and attract larger profit margins. Information security software’s would also restrict movement of company’s confidential information to the public. Such information if relayed to the public may damage the company’s reputation. The most common information vulnerabilities include software bugs the affect software systems in different computers. Broken processes, hardware flaws, human error, and business change also constitute some of the most common vulnerabilities that associate with computer networks. Computer usage and relay of information also contributes to a vast number of threats that may completely damage computer software’s or lead to loss of data. The threats posed by the computer information network include terrorists, competitors, hackers, or criminals. Other most eminent threats include dishonest employees, angry employees, and nature. Confidentiality relates to the condition of limiting informational access or resources to certain authorized individuals. Those who reveals non-public information normally compromises the confidentiality of such systems. Confidentiality therefore refers to protection of information from unauthorized persons. Often refers to ensuring that only authorized personnel gain access to certain information. The power of information relies on the possibilities of the information being in the right hand. Constant backup helps in ensuring data availability. Non-repudiation relates to the implications of an individual’s

THE LAW OF PROPERTY Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

THE LAW OF PROPERTY - Case Study Example 15 July 2004. guardian.uk. [internet]). In view of this common law principle, Nina and Liam in the case at bar are both owners of the house in question. As such, the two have interests in the property. The issue that has to be addressed next is the extent of their stake in the realty. When two or more individuals own a property, the same either may be under joint tenancy or may be held by the said persons as tenants in common. In the former, everyone owns all of the property and when a party dies, the whole estate is transferred to the surviving owner. On the other hand, in the case of tenants in common, each of the proprietors owns a specific portion of the realty. The system of joint tenancy is usually what is observed between married couples while those living in as partners outside of wedlock follow the arrangement for tenants in common. (Severing a Joint Tenancy. law-bytes. swarb.co.uk. [internet]). What then is the relationship that prevails between Nina and Liam over the house Is it that they are joint tenants or are they tenants in common It has to be importantly noted that the given circumstances are silent as to whether they have come into some agreement on what system to adopt except that they had talked about the property being equally theirs. Of the same significance is the fact that it was solely Nina who purchased the asset as a freehold which means that she is the absolute owner in fee simple. (Freehold Meaning and Definition. thinkexist.com, [internet]). The heirs and successors of Liam will be at a disadvantage in a joint tenancy set-up because if he dies, everything in the real estate goes to Nina as the latter will have the so-called right of survivorship. It also will still be disadvantageous to Liam in the event that Nina dies because of one peculiarity of the situation. The recorded owner is Nina and Liam will have to prove the ownership union. What if they are together as owners of the house in the concept of tenants in common In the lat ter case, each of them, as well as those who will inherit or succeed from them, will be entitled to his or her equitable share upon the demise of the other. In essence, it would be best for Liam to have the terms clearly defined with Nina by serving a written notice unto her to that effect. Things will be fine if Nina readily accepts the proposal of Liam. However, if and when it becomes necessary, a court action may be possible in order to delineate the shares of the parties and to clarify their equitable interests and have the same unequivocally declared to avoid any future conflict or controversy. Going back to the fact that the parties were not explicit as to the ownership relation that would bind them, this has to be resolved in accordance with a reference to judicial pronouncements which take into account the evidence at hand and the surrounding circumstances. In the case of Stack v. Dowden, the House of Lords resolved the controversy with a fair, logical and wise verdict. It was about a couple in cohabitation without the benefit of marriage but who however registered their purchased property. They later on actually separated. The distinguished Lord Hope of Craighead opined that a test must be had as to whether the interests of the parties were equal or not in the joint ownership. This simply shows that the joint ownershi

MRI Gradient Coils Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MRI Gradient Coils - Essay Example researcher defined the gradients in line 10 of the last page. It could have been better if it was placed in the Introduction rather than in the last page since definitions were intended to introduce the reader to the significant terms used in the writing. The researcher wrote in the second paragraph of the abstract, â€Å"Human research magnets of 7T and 8T are operation in several site worldwide.† However, it is quite disturbing why these types of magnets were mentioned in the abstract but nothing in the research paper discussed these things. Said sentence therefore appears to be irrelevant. Thus, the researcher must either discuss these types of magnets in the body of the paper or better yet, totally delete the above-quoted sentence. In addition, the author mentioned in the introduction that he/she will elaborate on the different gradient types and designs thereof. However, perusal of the body of the research paper would show that only the three (3) main ingredients, to wit, z, y and x, were discussed as part of the MR system. In the last paragraph of the summary, the author stated, â€Å"the distinct advantages over normal radiographs and CT examinations, is that it does without the delivery of ionizing radiation to the patient†. I respect the author’s view; however, I cannot agree on this as MRI gives precise contrast differences between soft tissues that significantly help in diagnosing abnormalities than other normal radiographs and CT examinations.

F-35 LIGHTNING II Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

F-35 LIGHTNING II - Research Paper Example This involved the use of military scientist to focus on defense strategies. The expertise was aimed at providing military capabilities of various nations involved. Moreover, as threat to international peace and stability continues to take shape, the field of military science continues to rise at the same rate. This necessitated development of fighter aircrafts meant to control and protect the airspace. This field is hoped to reach its epitome in the 21st century. This paper discusses  F-35 LIGHTNING II. F-35 LIGHTNING II is a recent generation fighter designed in United States. Several features make it outstanding among other fighter planes. These factors include adoption of recent technological advancements, and low cost. The original intention of developing F-35 was to serve all branches of the America military including air force, navy, and Marine Corps (Military Factory, 2012). Additionally it was also meant to serve the Britain military. F-35 is being developed, and has three airframes each with a particular purpose, but the three mainframes depend on one engine type. This is a recent advancement of its kind rivaling all other models. It is believed to offer a precise ground strike on its completion and entrance on market in 2016. F-35 will offer guided ammunition and bombs, high level of space command, and efficiency in elimination of any threat posed on air (Military Factory, 2012). F-35 has high capabilities of multitasking when directed to a particular target. Moreover, F-35 can be able to analyze situation in a complex battlefield and enable a pilot to have sufficient time to act. This information is also transferred to other allied forces in efficient manner. The cost of maintaining stealth is also low. F-35 is also able to encounter any threat from a very long distance such as a weapon and oncoming plane. F-35 was based on the idea of the US Joint Strike fighter program. The selection of Lockheed was based on lower financial cost that was envisage d in the long term. The lift fan of F-35 was improved significantly and this makes it more competitive than X-32. Cooling system was improved and this reduced chances of hot gases going back to the engine as it thrusts on the air. The lift fan offers enough space for fuel in both X-35A and X-35C models (Military Factory, 2012). Different groups funded the project of F-35. F-35 emanated from three models X-35A, X-35B, and X-35C (Buescher, 2001). The initial text of X-35A took place in 2000 and trials were made on Edward Air Force Base. After these trials, it was later converted into X-35B STOVL model. X-35C served to assist the two earlier models in case a problem arises (Duran, 2007). F-35A was first tested on December 15 2006 in Edward Air Force Base. First flight of X-35B took place in 2001 and hover cycle was achieved. STOVL F-35B test took place later in 2008. Additionally, F-35B achieved its initial flight in early 2009 and was able to refuel on air on August 13, 2009. X-35C we nt on air for the first time on December 16, 2000 (Buescher, 2001). Testing was done on its capability to land. It recorded improved performance in terms of low-level, low speed approaches that was the target of US navy. Testing was completed on X-35C on March 2001. The identity of F-35C was first disclosed on July 28, 2009. F-35 testing was complet

Arbitration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arbitration - Essay Example Additionally, other characteristics of arbitration are that it is a confidential process. The confidentiality of the existence of the process as well as any other disclosure made during the arbitration process is protected. Parties are allowed to restrict access to confidential information and trade secrets. Moreover, the parties are required to select the arbitrator or panel of arbitrators. The arbitrator is required to act honestly and impartially and accord each party a reasonable opportunity to present his or her case. An arbitrator is also required to implement a procedure appropriate to the situation in order to arrive at a fair decision. Agreements to arbitrate or arbitration clauses are usually divided into two types. There are clauses that are contained in contracts and provide that in case of a dispute, such dispute shall be resolved through arbitration. These contracts will be normal contracts, but with clauses to arbitrate. The other type of arbitration agreements is signed after the dispute has occurred, and the parties agree to resolve this dispute through arbitration. These later types of arbitration agreements are considered as submission agreements. Regardless of the type of arbitration agreement adopted, it is imperative that both parties consent to the process. Consent is obtained by signing contracts with arbitration clauses or signing of submission agreements. Also essential to an arbitration clause is the concept of mutuality. In Wisdom v. AccentCare (paragraph 5), the appellate court held that mutuality is vital in employment contracts and lack of mutuality renders the contract substantially and proc edurally unconscionable. The issue before the court in this case was whether an arbitration clause contained in an employment contract requiring the employee to submit all disputes to binding arbitration lack mutuality or is mutuality inferred by the language of the agreement. In AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion (paragraph b), the

Unit 3 Seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 3 Seminar - Research Paper Example In the political arena, these sayings are tailored towards convincing the voters and the entire political allies that they simply expect the best. These phrases, slogans and sayings are representation of both truth and lie. Some of the users of these statements mean exactly what the statement outlines, while others take advantage of the audience by using convincing terms to make the audience fall prey. As much as they are used, care should be taken in order to differentiate deception from the truth. The communication characteristic of the above statements, slogans or expressions portrays a culture that is both true to type and a lie at the same time. Depending on the context within which these expressions are used, it is simple to differentiate the truth from the lies. Stereotypes are referred to as public beliefs about individuals or social groups (Bennett, 2009). These beliefs are not necessarily true. In the American community, examples of stereotypes include the belief that the African-Americans do well in sports. Another one is the belief that Mexicans went to America illegally. These stereotypes can be disputed on the ground that critical consideration of the issues they raise are vague. Although I held the first stereotype as true over a long period of time, my interaction with the African-Americans has proved otherwise. This happened out if the fact that there are many African-Americans in America who do not take part in any sport at all, and those who do are not always

To what extent is development a political process versus a technical Essay

To what extent is development a political process versus a technical or economic one - Essay Example The evaluation of the developmental process and the aspect of economic contribution in the social change shall be studied within the context of the role of the United Nations in measuring human development. Defining Development: Before understanding the nature of the human developmental aspects such as economics and politics, it is significant to note the actual definition of development. The definition of human development introduces the debate with the help of different terms. As per the definition of development published by the United Nations, report states that development is a process to enable an environment for nation where they can live long, healthy and creative lives (Frey and Monroe, 1983). The definition allows better understanding of the fact that people can live happily if they are provided with the basic necessity. It should be noted that a human cannot live without making enough earning that will allow him to gain better lifestyle for himself and family. So this note s that the social change within a society can be brought to allow equal opportunity among members of society (Szirmai, 2005). Development among different societies is undertaken in order to provide better income rates to the members so that they are able to select the best for their lives (Rowe, 2009). The political and economic development that has gained a great deal of focus of researchers is now debated because of the political aspects (Willis, 2005). In other words, it could be said that development is a process which needs governmental authorities and economists to work together to bring better changes. The main purpose of the economic activities and cross-borders business ventures is to allow countries to develop and maximize profits (Lewis and Kallab, 1986). This profit making natures of business world allows developing countries to fight against inequality and increasing measures of poverty. As evident from the definition of development, inequality can be reduced if in case poverty’s overall measure within a society is reduced by large (Desai and Potter, 2008). The above noted relationship map of the economical and political development can also be understood in the context of poverty. The measure that most of the politicians set up would be the increased economical opportunities for the poor people. The effective strategic planning is done by politicians to ensure that the measure of inequality is reduced by large. This can be indirectly related to the economical efficiency of the society (Sen, 1999). The central idea of the development is that different institutions of a society provide quickened form of human development. It should be noted that politics and economics are two very important institutions of a society (Desai and Potter, 2008). The functions performed by different institutions of the society are able to make better changes when they are indirectly connected to each other. The need of the hour is to determine the extent to which the development process underlines the elements of political institutions or economical politician. In other words, it can be said that politicians and economists need to understand as to what aspects can surely bring a better and quick paced human development (Escobar, 1995). The political policy framework can allow business authorities to undergo deals and ventures providing majority of people to get better jobs and become stable in their daily

Napoleon and the French Revolution Essay Example for Free

Napoleon and the French Revolution Essay Some of historys greatest rulers such as Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, and Joseph II have been considered to be enlightened despot. One of these was also Napoleon Bonaparte. They ways by which Napoleon has been considered to be a despot are through his economic policies, religious and educational policies, and the Code Napoleon. The term enlightened despot has been used to describe many great rulers, but it might be misinterpreted. The word enlightened means to be influenced by the values and ideas of the Enlightenment. Also, the word despot is defined as to exercise dictatorial authority. Considering the definitions of these two words, the term enlightened despot would be defined as a person who believes to be influenced by the ideas of Enlightenment and exercises authority similar to that of a dictator. Napoleon had many accomplishments through his economic policies, such as establishing the Bank of France and reorganizing and centralizing tax collection. He also established the Continental System, which attempted to block England from continental trade. Napoleon also put into effect the Berlin Decree in 1816, which  prohibited trade with England. In 1807, the Milan Decree was passed which stated that any ship which traded or even been stopped by the British Navy was to be confiscated. French manufacturing was wholly unable to makeup for the loss of British goods. Soon afterwards, the French manufacturers and merchants began to resent the restrictions. Napoleon regarded his allies and conquered territories as a source for raw materials, conscripts, and a market for French goods. Eventually, Napoleons economic policies contributed to his fall. Religious and educational policies were also part of Napoleons accomplishments, which lead for him to be the greatest enlightened despot. One of the religious policies was the Concordat of 1801, which gave the Catholic Church special status. The Concordat also gave power to the government to nominate bishops who then had the power to appoint the priests. One of Napoleons educational policies was the establishment of the  Lycà ©es, which were state run elite secondary schools. The curriculum was to glorify Napoleon and teach obedience. He also founded the École Polytechnique, which was an engineering school. The final way by, which Napoleon became a despot, is through his Code Napoleon. It codified and reconciled the customary law of northern France with Roman law of the South. The Code Napoleon also provided equality of all before the law, religious freedom, and freedom of work, which reaffirmed the Le Chapelier law banning workers associations. A benefit of the Code Napoleon was that workers were not allowed to strike and were required to carry passports that could be checked by government officials or employers. Napoleon could be considered a sexist because the Code stated that a womans income would pass to her husbands family and not to hers. Another thing was that women workers wages did not belong to them; instead it belonged to their husband. Napoleon said, In France, women are considered too highly. They should not be regarded as equal to men. In reality they are nothing more than machines for producing children. This is an example of Napoleons discrimination towards women, which also relates to him being an enlightened despot. Rulers such as Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, and Joseph II have all been considered to be enlightened despots, but Napoleon Bonaparte is known to be the greatest enlightened despot until today. In a pattern similar to other despots, the people of France loved Napoleon at first, but enough they began to hate him. The ways through which he became the greatest enlightened despot are economic policies, religious and education policies, and the Code Napoleon. Only time will be able to show us if there a greater enlightened despot than Napoleon Bonaparte.

Wal-Mart Supply Chain Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart Supply Chain Essay Wal-Mart Executive Summary With over US$444 billion in 2012 sales from operations in 27 countries, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the world’s largest retailer. Wal-Mart is the world’s third largest public corporation, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2012 and world’s biggest private employer with 2.2 million associates worldwide. Wal-Mart serves customers and members more than 200 million times per week. Wal-Mart operates under 69 different banners. Wal-Mart’s supply chain, a key enabler of its growth from its beginnings in rural Arkansas, has long considered by many to be a major source of competitive advantage for the company. In fact, when Wal-Mart was voted â€Å"Retailer of the Decade† in 1989, its distribution costs were estimated at 1.7 per cent of its cost of sales, comparing favorably with competitors such as Kmart (3.5per cent of total sales) and Sears (five per cent of total sales). Their distribution system is generally regarded as the most emphasized visibility through the sharing of information with their suppliers. Wal-Mart slipped to No. 2 in the Fortune 500 in 2011 after holding onto the top spot for two years in a row. Wal-Marts international business continues to be a source of growth for the company revenues outside the U.S. rose by 13.1% last year, to $35.5 billion. Introduction Wal-Mart has come a long way since its inception and undergone many changes on the way. Sam Walton’s initial strategy was to target low-income families in rural areas by offering significantly lower costs. Through use of  technology in distribution and supply chain logistics Wal-Mart has been able to cut costs and lower prices for end users. Wal-Mart is one of the best supply chain operators at the moment. Using a supply chain management system that is progressively against its competitors and they don’t even stop evolving. Pushing the limits of supply chain management, searching for and supporting better technology that promises to make its IT infrastructure more efficient. The company has 4 strategies driving its operations: * Becoming a truly global company * Solving Business Challenges * Leading on social issues * Keeping its culture strong Wal-Mart has also taken various initiatives in its approach towards its operations. Some of them include following: In 1992 Wal-Mart developed Ethical sourcing program to verify the products they sell are produced in a way that provides dignity and respect for workers in the supply chain, while protecting the environment. For eight straight years, Wal-Mart U.S. Logistics’ recordable injury rates have been below industry average. This year the entire Wal-Mart U.S. Logistics Network introduced an Enhanced Behavior Based Safety Program. Wal-Mart has implemented a Supplier Development Program, in which the Ethical Sourcing Team works closely with suppliers to improve working conditions in factories. Background of Wal-Mart Inc Based in Bentonville, Arkansas and founded by the legendary Sam Walton, Wal-Mart is the world’s largest retailer with more than 8,500 stores worldwide, including stores in all 50 states as well as international stores in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom, as well as joint venture agreements in China and a stake in a leading Japanese retail chain. The company has over 2.2 million employees (known as â€Å"associates†). It was estimated that Wal-Mart served more than 200 million customers each week. Wal-Mart’s strategy is to provide a broad assortment of quality merchandise and services at â€Å"everyday low prices† (EDLP) and is best known for its discount stores, which offered merchandise such as apparel, small  appliances, housewares, electronics and hardware, but also ran combined discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Super Centers), membership-only warehouse stores (Sam’s Club), and smaller grocery stores (Neighborhood Markets). In the general merchandise area, Wal-Mart’s competitors included Sears and Target, with specialty retailers including Gap and Limited. Department store competitors included Dillard, Federated and J.C. Penney. Grocery store competitors included Kroger, Albertsons and Safeway. The major membership-only warehouse competitor was Costco Wholesale. The Development of Wal-Mart’s Supply Chain Before he started Wal-Mart Stores in 1962, Sam Walton owned a successful chain of stores under the Ben Franklin Stores banner, a franchisor of variety stores in the United States. Although he was under contract to purchase most of his merchandise requirements from Ben Franklin Stores, Walton was able to selectively purchase merchandise in bulk from new suppliers and then transport these goods to his stores directly. When Walton realized that a new trend, discount retailing — based on driving high volumes of product through low-cost retail outlets — was sweeping the nation, he decided to open up large, warehouse-style stores in order to compete. To stock his new warehouse-style stores, initially named â€Å"Wal-Mart Discount City,† Walton needed to step up his merchandise procurement efforts. As none of the suppliers were willing to send their trucks to his stores, which were located in rural Arkansas, self-distribution was necessary. The initial competitive advantage for Wal-Mart was its supply chain management. As Wal-Mart grew in the 1960s to 1980s, it benefited from improved road infrastructure and the inability of its competitors to react to changes in legislation, such as the removal of â€Å"resale price maintenance,† which had prevented retailers from discounting merchandise. A strong and efficient supply chain is the key to distribution and keeping their customers satisfied with the promise of â€Å"Everyday Low Prices.† Things within the supply chain in which Wal-Mart excelled at would include logistics, purchasing, retail decisions, and limiting the overall bullwhip effect of the supply chain. The key attributes to Wal-Mart’s hugely developed logistics department are Cross docking or direct transfers from inbound or outbound trailers without extra storage, Working with suppliers  to standardize case sizes and labeling. The cross docking system was originated by Wal-Mart, this innovation allows a distribution center to direct incoming shipments straight to a cross-docking system, products are delivered to a warehouse on a continual basis, where they are stored, repackaged, and distributed to stores without sitting in inventory. Goods â€Å"cross† from one loading dock to another, usually in 24 hours or less. While working with suppliers on labeling will increase efficiency in transporting goods from distribution centers to retail stores. Purchasing As his purchasing efforts increased in scale, Walton and his senior management team would make trips to buying offices in New York City, cutting out the middleman (wholesalers and distributors). Wal-Mart’s U.S. buyers, located in Bentonville, worked with suppliers to ensure that the correct mix of staples and new items were ordered. Over time, many of Wal-Mart’s largest suppliers had offices in Bentonville, staffed by analysts and managers supporting Wal-Mart’s business. In addition, Wal-Mart started sourcing products globally, opening the first of these offices in China in the mid-1980s. Wal-Mart’s international purchasing offices worked directly with local factories to source Wal-Mart’s private label merchandise. Private label sales at Wal-Mart, first developed in the 1980s, were believed to account for 20 per cent of 2005 sales. Private label products appealed to customers since they were often priced at a significant discount to brand name merch andise; for Wal-Mart, the private label items generated higher margins than did the suppliers’ branded products. Every quarter, buyers met in Bentonville to review new merchandise, exchange buying notes and tips and review a fully–merchandised prototype store, located within a warehouse. In order to gather field intelligence, buyers toured stores two or three days a week, working on the sales floors to help associates stock and sell merchandise. Wal-Mart wielded enormous power over its suppliers. For example, observers noted that increased bargaining clout was a contributing factor in Procter Gamble’s (PG) acquisition of chief rival Gillette. Prior to the acquisition, sales to Wal-Mart accounted for 17 per cent of PG’s revenues and 13 per cent of Gillette’s revenues. On the other hand, these two suppliers combined accounted for about eight per cent of Wal-Mart’s sales. Some viewed Wal-Mart’s close co-operation with  suppliers in a negative light. Wal-Mart dictates that its suppliers must accept payment entirely on Wal-Mart’s terms, share information all the way back to the purchasing of raw materials. Wal-Mart controls with whom its suppliers speak, how and where they can sell their goods and even encourages them to support Wal-Mart in its political fights. Wal-Mart all but dictates to suppliers where to manufacture their products, as well as how to design those products and what materials and ingredients to use in those products. When negotiating with its suppliers, Wal-Mart insisted on a single invoice price and did not pay for cooperative advertising, discounting or distribution. Globally, Wal-Mart is believed to have around 90,000 suppliers, of whom 200 — such as Nestle, PG, Unilever and Kraft — are key global suppliers. With Wal-Mart’s expectations on sales data analysis, category management responsibilities and external research specific to their Wal-Mart business, it was not uncommon for a s upplier to have several dozen employees working full-time to support the Wal-Mart business. All these steps have allowed Sam Walton’s empire to increase its company’s relationship with suppliers by using a collaboration planning, forecasting, and replenishment model. This will coincidently, along with the income smoothing of having everyday low costs, reduce the bullwhip effect, lower costs, increase capacity utilization, and improve customer service levels. The income smoothing concept is since Wal-Mart uses resourceful use of collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment it will sufficiently lower the bullwhip effect. This effect is caused by slight demand variables which are magnified as information moves back upstream from consumer back the raw materials in the supply chain. Another benefit of reducing the bullwhip effect and successful in its supply chain management techniques is reducing the uncertainty and lowering the amount of inventory needed in house. Uncertainty will have the negative effects of lateness and incomplete orders between Wal-Mart’s distribution centers. However in having a sufficient supply chain management system in place it will lower the amount of inventory needed in house and insure against supply chain uncertainty. Inbound Logistics Wal-Mart recognized the importance of controlling inbound logistics and expended considerable efforts in mastering this function. The company  acknowledged the value of controlling the inbound logistics, made it a company- wide mission, developed the technology required and teams were formed specifically to implement the mission. Today Wal-Mart has almost total inbound control of all DC-to-store shipments. Wal-Mart has decided to take this to next level by asking its vendors to directly ship to Wal-Mart DC’s. On implementation, this will provide Wal-Mart with greater control over the management of the logistics and more efficiency by taking over the vendor-to- DC leg and use those savings to further reduce prices. This will further help in better matching of demand and supply. Distribution Wal-Mart’s store openings were driven directly by its distribution strategy. Because its first distribution centre in the early 1970s was a significant investment for the firm, Walton insisted on saturating the area within a day’s driving distance of the distribution centers in order to gain economies of scale. Over the years, competitors copied this â€Å"hub-and-spoke† design of high volume distribution centers serving a cluster of stores. This distribution-led store expansion strategy persisted for the next two decades as Wal-Mart added thousands of U.S. stores, expanding across the nation from its headquarters in Arkansas. Stores were located in low-rent, suburban areas, close to major highways. In contrast, key competitor Kmart’s stores were thinly spread throughout the United States and were located in prime, urban areas. By the time the rest of the retail industry started to take notice of Wal-Mart in the 1980s, it had built up the most efficient lo gistics network of any retailer. Wal-Mart’s 75,000-person logistics division and its information systems division included the largest private truck fleet employee base of any firm — 7,800 drivers, who delivered the majority of merchandise sold at stores. Wal-Mart’s 114 U.S. distribution centers, located throughout the United States, were a mix of general merchandise, food and soft goods (clothing) distribution centers, processing over five billion cases a year through its entire network. Product was picked up at the suppliers’ warehouse by Wal-Mart’s in-house trucking division and was then shipped to Wal-Mart’s distribution centers. Shipments were generally cross-docked, or directly transferred, from inbound to outbound trailers without extra storage. To ensure that cases moved efficiently through the distribution centers, Wal-Mart worked with suppliers  to standardize case sizes and labeling. The average distance from distribution centre to stores was approximately 130 m iles. Each of these distribution centers was profiled in a store-friendly way, with similar products stacked together. Merchandise purchased directly from factories in offshore locations such as China or India was processed at coastal distribution centers before shipment to U.S. stores. On the way back from stores, Wal-Mart’s trucks generated â€Å"back-haul† revenue by transporting unsold merchandise on trucks that would be otherwise empty. Wal-Mart’s backhaul revenues — its private fleet operated as a for-hire carrier when it was not busy transporting merchandise from distribution centers to stores — were more than US$1 billion per year. Because its trucking employees were non-unionized and in-house, Wal-Mart was able to implement and improve upon standard delivery procedures, coordinating and deploying the entire fleet as necessary. Uniform operating standards ensured that miscommunication between traffic coordinators, truckers and store level employees was minimized. Wal-Mart improve the efficiency of its private fleet by almost 69 percent in 2012 compared to its 2005 baseline. Throughout their network they delivered 65 million more cases, while driving 28 million fewer miles, by increasing their pallets per trailer and managin g their routes. The heavier loads have minimal impact on their fuel efficient equipment, which includes an average tractor age of three years and the addition of more than 13,000 skirted trailers. The network efficiency improvement equates to avoiding nearly 41000 metric tons of CO2 emissions, the equivalent of taking about 7900 cars off the road. Continued enhancements in routing and scheduling software, coupled with advancements in GPS and mobile technologies are helping in better management of routes. Wal-Mart has also shown improved efficiency by focusing on the problem of backhauls. In 2011 alone with focusing on backhauls, the practice of picking up a load from a vendor and delivering to the distribution centers, rather than running an empty truck between the store and distribution center, saved more than 56000 trips. From 2005 to 2008 Wal-Mart increase the fuel efficiency in the private fleet by 38%. Much of this fuel efficiency was achieved through technology and the use of more aerodynamic trucks. They looked at alternative fuels, auxiliary power units and aerodynamic fairings on both tractors and trailers. Wal-Mart not only uses the technology to track the location of the rigs, they track the fuel  burn and monitor the driver’s right foot, gear selection and other driver decisions. Altering driver behavior is the next frontier of driving more fuel efficiency. Wal-Mart’s published goal is to double the truck fleet efficiency by October of 2015, so in 5 years they expect to almost double what they achieved between 2005 and 2008. Theres many ways to skin the fuel efficiency cat. One clear methodology is to run fewer empty miles. According to Wal-Marts own press their efforts to reduce empty miles and optimizing how merchandise is stacked in the trailers the private fleet logged 87 million fewer miles in 2008 while transporting 161,000 more cases, allowing the comp any to save 15,000,000 gallons of diesel fuel. Investments in GPS-based routing applications, strong load optimization tools for load planning and cube utilization, developing new loading practices, all will help improve costs. Reducing package size and increasing â€Å"value density† helps reduce miles. Wal-Mart is working hard to reduce packaging by 5% by 2013. But packaging does not even touch on the impact of improved value density. As the product mix changes and the cost of products continue to decline, Wal-Mart is challenged to get even more product into less space, not only of transport, but for warehousing and store space. Detergent formulations that reduce the water content, package redesigns that change the shape of the cartons to increase the count loaded onto the truck, carton designs that reduce the â€Å"dead space† around the product but sill provide the protection needed, all of these efforts will directly reduce transit cost and carbon footprint. Retail Strategy Wal-Mart’s first stores were filled with merchandise that had been bought by Walton in bulk, as he was convinced that a new trend — discounting merchandise off the suggested retail price — was here to stay. In the 1960s, Wal-Mart grew rapidly as customers were attracted by its assortment of low-priced products. Over time, the company copied the merchandise assortment strategies of other retailers, mostly through observation as a result of store visits. To generate additional volume, Wal-Mart buyers worked with suppliers on price rollback campaigns. Price rollbacks, each lasting about 90 days, were funded by suppliers, with the goal of increasing product sales between 200 and 500 per cent. The company also ensured that its store-level operations were at least as efficient as its logistics  operations. The stores were simply furnished and constructed using standard materials. Efforts were made to continually reduce operating costs. For example, light and temperature settings for all U.S. stores were controlled centrally from Bentonville. As Wal-Mart distribution centers had close to real-time information on each store’s in-stock levels, the merchandise could be pushed to stores automatically. In addition, store-level information systems allowed manufacturers to be notified as soon as an item was purchased. In anticipation of changes in demand for some items, associates had the authority to manually input orders or override impending deliveries. In contrast, most of Wal-Mart’s retail competitors did not confer merchandising responsibility to entry-level employees as merchandising templates were sent to stores through head office and were expected to be followed precisely. To ensure that employees were kept up-to-date, management shared detailed information about day/week/month store sales with all employees during daily 10-minute-long â€Å"standing† meetings. The display of merchandise was suggested by a storewide template, with a unique template for each store, indicating the layout of Wal-Mart’s various departments. This template was created by Wal-Mart’s merchandising department, after analyzing historical store sales and community traits. Associates were free to alter the merchandising template to fit their local store requirements. Shelf space in Wal-Mart’s different departments — from shoes to household appliances to automotive supplies — was divided up, each spot allocated to specific SKUs. Each Wal-Mart store aimed to be the â€Å"store of the community,† tailoring its product mix to appeal to the distinct tastes of that community. Thus, two Wal-Mart Stores a short distance apart could potentially stock different merchandise. In contrast, most other retailers made purchasing decisions at the district or regional level. In order to harness the knowledge of its suppliers, key category suppliers, called â€Å"category captains,† were introduced in the late 1980s, and they provided input on shelf space allocation. Information Systems Walton had always been interested in gathering and analyzing information about his company operations. As early as 1966, when Walton had 20 stores, he attended an IBM school in upstate New York with the intent of hiring the smartest person in the class to come to Bentonville to computerize his  operations. Even with a growing network of stores in the 1960s and 1970s, Walton was able to personally visit and keep track of operations in each one, due to his use of a personal airplane, which he used to observe new construction development (to determine where to place stores) and to monitor customer traffic (by observing how full the parking lot was). In the mid-1980s, Wal-Mart invested in a central database, store-level point-of-sale systems, and a satellite network. Combined with one of the retail industry’s first chain-wide implementation of UPC bar codes, store-level information could now be collected instantaneously and analyzed. By combining sales data with external information such as weather forecasts, Wal-Mart was able to provide additional support to buyers, improving the accuracy of its purchasing forecasts. In the early 1990s, Wal-Mart developed Retail Link. At an estimated 570 terabytes — which Wal-Mart claimed was larger than all the fixed pages on the Internet — Retail Link was the largest civilian database in the world. Retail Link contained data on every sale made at the company during a two-decade period. Wal-Mart gave its suppliers access to real-time sales data on the products they supplied, down to individual stock-keeping items at the store level. In exchange for providing suppliers access to these data, Wal-Mart expected them to proactively monitor and replenish product on a continual basis. In 1990, Wal-Mart became one of the early adopters of collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPRF), an integrated approach to planning and forecasting by sharing critical supply chain information, such data on promotions, inventory levels and daily sales.15 Wal-Mart’s vendor-managed inventory (VMI) program (also known as continuous replenishment) required suppliers to manage inventory levels at the company’s distribution centers, based on agreed-upon service levels. The VMI program started with PG diapers in the late 1980s and, by 2006, had expanded to include many suppliers and SKUs.16 In some situations, particularly grocery products, suppliers owned the inventory in Wal-Mart stores up to the point that the sale was scanned at checkout. To support this inventory management effort, supplier analysts worked closely with Wal-Mart’s supply chain personnel to co-ordinate the flow of products from suppliers’ factories and resolved any supply chain issues, from routine issues such as ensuring that products were  ready for pickup by Wal-Mart’s trucks, and arranging for the return of defective products, to last-minute issues such as managing sudden spikes in demand for popular items. When Wal-Mart buyers met, on a frequent basis, with a supplier’s sales teams, two important topics of review were the supplier’s out-of-stock rate and inventory levels at Wal-Mart, indications of how well replenishment was being handled. Suppliers were provided with targets for out-of stock rates and inventory levels. In addition to managing short-term inventory and discussing product trends, Wal-Mart worked with suppliers on medium- to long-term supply chain strategy including factory location, co-operation with downstream raw materials suppliers and production volume forecasting. Wal-Mart’s satellite network, in addition to receiving and transmitting point-of-sale data, also provided senior management with the ability to broadcast video messages to the stores. Although the bulk of senior management lived and worked in Bentonville, Arkansas, frequent video broadcasts to each store in their network kept store employees informed of the latest developments in the firm. In an effort to emulate Wal-Mart’s ability to share information with suppliers, Wal-Mart’s competitors relied on a system similar to Retail Link. Agentrics LLC, a software service provider, developed, in conjunction with several of global retailers, a software platform called â€Å"Retail Interface,† which collectedstore level sales data which could then be shared with suppliers. Agentrics’ customer base included many of the world’s top retailers – including Carrefour, Tesco, Metro, Costco, Kroger and Walgreen’s – who were also investor s in Agentrics. Human Resources By visiting each store and by encouraging associates to contribute ideas, Walton was able to uncover and disperse best practices across the company in the 1960s and 1970s. To ensure that best practices were implemented as soon as possible, Walton held regular â€Å"Saturday morning meetings,† which convened his top management team in Bentonville. At 7 a.m. each Saturday, the week’s business results were discussed, and merchandising and purchasing changes were implemented. Store layout resets were managed on the weekend, and the renovated stores were ready by Monday morning. Walton and his management team often toured competitors’ stores, looking for new ideas to â€Å"borrow.† Wal-Mart believed that centralization had numerous benefits, including lower  costs and improved communications between different divisions. All of Wal-Mart’s divisions, from U.S. stores, International, Sam’s Club, to its logistics and information systems division were located in Bentonville, a town of 28,000 people in Northwest Arkansas. Regional managers and in-country presidents were the few executives who were stationed outside of Bentonville. Another key to Wal-Mart’s ability to enjoy low operating costs was the fact that it was non-union. Without cumbersome labor agreements, management could take advantage of technology to drive labor costs down and make operational changes quickly and efficiently. Being non-union, however, had its drawbacks. As its store network encroached on the territory of unionized –grocers, unions, such as the United Food and Commercial Workers’ Union, started to become more aggressive in their anti-Wal-Mart publicity campaigns, funding so-called grassroots groups whose goals were to undermine Wal-Mart’s expansion. Wal-Mart’s size also made it a target for politicians: every stumble was magnified and played up in the press. Two of Wal-Mart’s key supply chain improvement initiatives included â€Å"Remix† and RFID (radio frequency identification tags).

Comparison of Gender Wage Gap in Japan and Germany

Comparison of Gender Wage Gap in Japan and Germany In all of the advanced capitalist nations women were experiencing the contradictions of an education which seemed to promise self-fulfilment, and a labour market based on inequalities of class and gender (Brinton, 1993, as cited in Threlfall, 1996, p. 270). This statement has been made more than fifteen years ago and indicated that women were not treated equally regarding work and pay. However, have circumstances changed since then? If yes, did they improve or worsen and to which extend? The aim of this paper is to analyse the existence of a gender wage gap in Japan and Germany and to evaluate possible reasons for it. Furthermore, an outlook for the future will be given at the end. 2. Gender Wage Gap in Japan The Japanese law system is regulated by the Japanese Standards Labour Law which was enacted after World War II in 1947. This Japanese Standards Labour Law contained a clause which should protect working women. In reality, this clause prevented women from working excessive overtime and during nights (Sama and Papamarcos, 2000). This is why women could not climb up the greasy pole. Furthermore, this law prohibited that women were treated differently on the basis of sex (Threlfall, 1996). On top of this, as stated by Threlfall (1996), the Standards Labour Law covered only equal wages but not promotion or retirement. During this time, employers could be sued for discrimination, but this was an expensive and time-consuming act as each case had to be dealt with separately. Additionally, many companies circumvented the danger of lawsuits by new grading of job titles (Threlfall, 1996). This changed in 1986 when the Equal Employment Opportunity Law (EEOL) was passed (Sama and Papamarcos, 2000 ). This law encouraged companies in Japan to treat employees equally in all aspects like wages, promotion, recruitment and hiring (Threlfall, 1996). Unfortunately, the EEOL contained no penalties for continuing discrimination and also its amendment, which was enacted in 1999, did not really improve the inequalities regarding wage and promotion between men and women (Sama and Papamarcos, 2000). Figure 1 clarifies these important labour laws in Japan. Japanese Labour Standards Law of 1947 Contained protective clause for working women. Came under scrutiny in 1970s as a possible deterrent to womens career advancement. Equal Employment Opportunity Law (EEOL) of 1986 Enacted in 1987, the EEOL called for equal pay for equal work. No penalties for violators. Employers asked only to make a good effort. June 1997 Amendment to the EEOL Enacted in 1999, the amendment lifted restrictions on midnight, holiday, and overtime work by women in effect since the 1947 Labor Standards Law. Further stiffened warnings against companies found in violation of the EEOL. No penalties attached. According to Selmer (2001), the Japanese wage system is based on seniority (pp. 236-237). This indicates that promotion and pay rise are automatic and no subject to job duties or merit (Selmer, 2001). That means that employees get promotion and pay rise when they reach certain age levels. The gender wage gap is measured as the median wage of men minus the median wage of women, expressed as a proportion of the median wage of men (Evans, 2002, p. 191). As stated by the World Economic Forum (2005), no country has yet managed to eliminate the gender gap (p. 1). According to OECD (2007), the womens medium wage in Japan is two thirds of that received by men. This represents twice the OECD average. Figure 2 displays the gender wage gap of several countries. Blau and Kahn (2003) stated that the gender wage gap in Japan is up to 85% (as cited in Johnes and Tanaka, 2006). This means that women earn up to 85% less than men. Recent sources indicated a gender wage gap of 65.9% for 2007 (Japanese Institute for Labour Policy and Training, 2008). The differences in the gender wage gap are subject to different data used for analysis. Some calculations include part-time workers, which are mainly female and others base their calculations on full-time employees only. As already stated above, Japanese firms discriminate on the grounds of gender when paying employees. This chapter evaluates several reasons for the gender wage gap in Japan. First of all, many workers in Japan get a lifetime employment contract (Ishii, 2000). Japanese firms make huge investments in employee training and that is why they want their employees to stay as long with the company as possible. Therefore, the duration of attachment to a firm plays an important role when negotiating wages. As it is most often foreseeable that women will not stay with one company for their whole life, because they want to start a family one day, they pretty much never get a lifetime contract (Ishii, 2000). Therefore, as stated by Ihsii (2000), companies make no investment in human capital when they employ women as they think they will not benefit in the future from this investment as women sooner or later leave the company. The second reason for the gender wage gap is based on different experiences. Miyoshi (2007) argued that there is no gender pay gap when people are employed directly after school, college or university. But when employees accumulate work experience, the wage gap enlarges. Miyoshi (2007) explains this fact by referring to the full-time work experience and seniority. The more full-time work experience an employee has, the more valuable he is. As women often have less work experience because of child-raising obligations and only part-time jobs, the get less money and less promotion than their male counterpart. Different characteristics of workers represent the third reason for the gender wage gap in Japan. Johnes and Tanaka (2006) explained that different characteristics like age, work experience, education and duration of work are one reason for the gender pay gap in Japan. They agree with Miyoshi when stating that differences in work experience are the reason for pay inequalities, but they extend the argument by adding other characteristics like age and education. The greater part of the gender wage gap in Japan can be explained by referring to the reasons stated above. However, there is also a smaller part of the earnings gap that can not be explained. According to Kawaguchi (2006), this part can be attributed to sex discrimination. 4. Gender Wage Gap in Germany Regarding German law, article 3 paragraph 2 of the German Constitution of 1949 states that men and women have equal rights (Maier, 2007). Furthermore, paragraph 3 states that no one should be discriminated on the grounds of gender. This right for equal treatment and payment was not practiced in reality as special wage groups for women were allowed in collective agreements until 1955 (Maier, 2007). Furthermore, Maier (2007) stated that most employees in Germany are paid according to these collective agreements, although the coverage is declining (p. 11). In 1980, a new paragraph was added to the German Constitution which demanded equal pay for work of equal value (Winter, 1998). But this amendment brought no chance. Later, in 2006, the General Equal Treatment Act was passed and paragraph 7 prohibited unequal treatment within any employment relationship (Maier, 2007, p. 18). This law stated that lower wages for women are not justified if they are based on gender. Unfortunately, German law still lacks legal measures to control the implementation of equal wage principles. Furthermore, Maier (2007) stated that it is not easy for women to claim their right for equal pay. Class actions are not allowed and thus, all women must bring their individual claim to court. As this is often an expensive and time-consuming process, many plaintiffs refrain from filing a suit (Maier, 2007). That is why Germany has a significant high gender wage gap, although the German government has a female chancellor (Plass, 2008). In reality, as stated by Plass (2008), Germany has one of the highest gender pay gaps on the European continent. Furthermore, more than 90 percent of all working women are discriminated and earn between 80 and 210 cents less per hour (Gradà ­n, del Rà ­o and Cantà ³, 2006). Legal norms for equal pay in Germany are displayed in figure 3. According to the German government statistics bureau, Destatis, working women in Germany earned 24 percent less than men in 2006 (as cited in Plass, 2008). As stated by Maier (2007), this number has been reduced to 22 percent in 2007. Whereas the average difference in pay is 15 percent in the European Union (Spiegel Online International, 2008). 5. Reasons for the Gender Wage Gap in Germany Several reasons contribute to the large gender wage gap in Germany. First of all, as mentioned by Lauer (n.d.), women often do not possess the same education and skills as men do. Employers who place value on these exact skills are likely to pay women less in order to compensate the lack of skills and knowledge. Furthermore, Lauer (n.d.) also mentioned that skills and knowledge may be rewarded differently between men and women. Meaning that women with the same educational background and knowledge will earn less because these identical skills are not rewarded the same way by the employer. In addition, Maier (2007) identified the lack of legal barriers against low wages as a reason for the gender pay differences in Germany. As there exists no general minimum wage in Germany, and as the country has almost three million unemployed persons (Bundesagentur fà ¼r Arbeit, 2008), it is easy for employers to fill a low-paid vacancy. Furthermore, Lauer (n.d.) identified occupational crowding of women in low paid occupations as another source for earning inequalities between men and women in Germany. There is also the fact that there is a low proportion of working women in highly paid positions (Maier, 2007). Concluding, Maier (2007) stated that factors like age, education and work experience present only a very unimportant reason for wage discrimination. Again, the unexplained part of the gender wage gap can be attributed to discrimination based on gender (Lauer, n.d.). 6. Similarities and Differences between Japan and Germany After analyzing the gender wage gap in Japan and Germany and its reasons, several similarities as well as differences can be pointed out. First of all, there is a significant high gender wage gap in both countries, although the difference in earnings is higher in Japan with around 35 percent compared to Germany with about 22 percent (Maier, 2007). Nevertheless, the German earnings gap is 7 percent higher than the European Union average (Spiegel Online International, 2008). Both countries put emphasis on the characteristics of employees. Age, work experience and education are important when negotiating wages. As women often have less education or work experience than men (Lauer, n.d.), they get paid less than their male counterpart. Furthermore, part of the gender wage gap in both countries is an unexplained part which can be attributed to gender discrimination (Kawaguchi, 2006; Lauer, n.d.). Differences between the two countries can be found in the fact that Japanese employers discriminate when investing in human capital. Due to the Japanese lifetime employment, many employers consider rather carefully whether to employ women or not. As it is obvious to them that women will leave the company some day for child-raising duties, they will thereby take away the human capital in which the company invested. 7. Conclusion Even if both countries enacted laws in the 80ies which should ensure equal pay for work of equal value, there is still a significant gender wage gap observable. Japan as well as Germany managed during the last to decades to narrow this gap, but this happened probably just because of the new laws which were enforced. When looking ahead, both countries will probably have a different future. Japan will stick to its lifetime employment system (Kato, 2001) and thereby will keep the earnings gap between men and women stable. The fact that more and more Japanese women decide to pursue their careers can possibly help in narrowing the gender pay gap (Fackler, 2007). Germany is likely to increase the gender pay gap as the coverage of collective agreements, which set equal wages for men and women, is declining (Maier, 2007). Furthermore, as long as there is no support from the government to implement the right for equal money for work of equal value, the gender wage gap will not be narrowed. 8. Bibliography , Blau, F. and Kahn, L. (2003). Understanding international differences in the gender pay gap. Journal of Labor Economics. Vol. 21, pp. 106-144. Brinton, M. (1993). Women and the economic miracle: gender and work in post-war Japan. Berkeley: Calif. Bundesagentur fà ¼r Arbeit (2008). Der Arbeits- und Ausbildungsmarkt in Deutschland (The work and education market in Germany) [online]. Available at: URL: http://www.pub. arbeitsamt.de/hst/services/statistik/000000/html/start/monat/ aktuell.pdf [Accessed 6 January 2009]. Evans, J. (2002). work/family reconciliation, gender wage equity and occupational segregation: the role of rims and public policy [online]. Available at: URL: http://economics.ca/cgi/jab?journal= cppview=v28s1/CPPv28s1p187.pdf [Accessed 16 December 2008]. Fackler, M. (2007). Career women in Japan find a blocked path. The New York Times, [online]. Available at: URL: http://www. nytimes.com/2007/08/06/world/asia/06equal.html [Accessed 6 January 2009]. Gradà ­n, C., del Rà ­o, C. and Cantà ³, O. (2006). Poverty and womens labor market activity: the role of gender wage discrimination in the EU [online]. Available at: URL: http://www.ecineq.org/milano/ WP/ECINEQ2006-40.pdf [Accessed 6 January 2009]. Ishii, H. (2000). Occupational segregation and the gender wage gap in Japan [online]. Available at: URL: http://www.kli.re.kr/ iira2004/pro/papers/HisakoISHII.pdf [Accessed 05 January 2009]. Japanese Institute for Labour Policy and Training (2008). Wages and labour costs [online]. Available at: URL: http://www.jil.go. jp/english/estatis/databook/2008/05.htm [Accessed 05 January 2009]. Johnes, G. and Tanaka, Y. (2006). Changes in gender wage discrimination in the 1990s: a tale of three different economies. Japan and the World Economy. Vol. 20, pp. 97-113. Kato, T. (2001). The end of lifetime employment in Japan?: evidence from national surveys and field research. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies. Vol. 15, pp. 489-514. Kawaguchi, D. (2006). A market test for sex discrimination: evidence from Japanese firm-level panel data. International Journal of Industrial Organization. Vol. 25, pp. 441-460. Lauer, C. (n.d.). Gender wage gap in West Germany: how far do gender differences in human capital matter? [online]. Available at: URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=217651 [Accessed 6 January 2009]. Maier, F. (2007). The persistence of the gender wage gap in Germany [online]. Available at: URL: http://www.harriet-taylor-mill.de/pdfs/discuss/Discussion%20Paper%2001%202007.pdf [Accessed 29 December 2008]. Miyoshi, K. (2007). Male-female wage differentials in Japan. Japan and the World Economy. Vol. 20, pp. 479-496. OECD (2007). Highlights Japan [online]. Available at: URL: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/20/39696303.pdf [Accessed 29 December 2008]. Plass, S. (2008). German women struggle with gender wage gap. International Herald Tribune, [online]. Available at: URL: http:// www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/28/business/women.php?page=1 [Accessed 31 December 2008]. Sama, L. and Papamarcos, S. (2000). Cultures consequences for working women in corporate America and Japan, Ind.. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 18-29. Selmer, J. (2001). Human resource management in Japan. International Journal of Manpower. Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 235-243. Spiegel Online International (2008). German women earn a fifth less than men. Spiegel Online International, [online]. Available at: URL: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518, 558526,00.html [Accessed 31 December 2008]. Threlfall, M. (1996). Mapping the womens movement. London: Verso. Winter, R. (1998). Gleiches Entgelt fà ¼r gleichwertige Arbeit: Ein Prinzip ohne Praxis (Equal pay for work of equal value: a principle without practice.). Baden-Baden. World Economic Forum (2005). Womens empowerment: measuring the global gender gap [online]. Available at: URL: http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gender_gap.pdf [Accessed 30 December 2008].

Last Of The Mohicans Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main difference between â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans† book version by James Fenimore Cooper and â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans† movie version, generally speaking, is that the book has a more adventurous theme and the movie has a more love and romantic theme. Never the less, both stories were extremely interesting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Main details that support this difference are that in the movie, Cora is supposed to wed with Heyward and Cora agreed with that. Then she met Hawkeye when he saved her from an ambush from the Hurons. From there they fell in love and Heyward was out of the picture as far as love is concerned. So, Cora is the one who is in love with Hawkeye and Alice takes the role of Cora. Another factor, dealing with the love theme differences is in the book, there was not a big love scene between Hawkeye and Alice as there was in the movie between Hawkeye and Cora. Thus making the movie a more romantic story. In the movie, key things that happen have different importance because the roles switch. For instance, towards the end of the book, Cora dies. In the movie, Alice dies. This is important because Alice and Cora have certain traits that make this more and/or less important to the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Differences in the between Heyward are that in the book, Heyward does not play as an important role as he did in the movie. In the movie, he sacrifices himself to the Hurons, in exch...

My Dad :: Personal Narrative Profile

Personal Narrative- My Dad Oh my god, I thought this day would never come. He'll be all right, I hope? Why him, why not some one else? On the far southwest corner of the ranch the cool wind whispered through the tall cotton wood trees, forcing me to feel helpless. Time was winding down and I was to. Indescribable hot sweats came over me, my knees began to buckle. I heard my dads voice say, "I'm a goner" echo through the dust cloud that my jittery feet were creating. He was never wrong, in my opinion, but I wanted him to be so badly. I said a prayer and we said, "I love you" for the last time. The ambulance putted up the road barley cleaning it while I sat and watched my daddy slip away, in front of my eyes. Suffocating and fading fast he looked right at me and I thought I had lost my best friend forever. After many years of hard labor as a mechanic, my dad developed bone spurs in his upper spine at the age of 51. Pain was involved in his everyday life but never stopped him from taking care of his family. Although he could still maintain the ranch, he lost an asset that we loved, and that was throwing a ball here and there. After a while it took control of his life and he wasn't able to do anything. A family discussion was held, options flew here and there, finally a verdict. He would get the surgery, and be back and happy in no time. While making this decision there were things we had talked about. Such as what would we do if we lost you? In addition, is it a safe surgery? It was a touchy subject but we had to talk about it. The doctor told us he had never had a death and that it was a common operation. This made my mom and I feel a wee bit more comfortable until the day of surgery. He couldn't eat or drink certain things, no painkillers, and was even told to think about happy things. These precautions were taken to lessen the chance of a problem during surgery smaller. The next week flew by quickly and during that week my family spent every moment together like it was our last. My dad and I threw the ball, just like old times, even though it hurt him.

Embracing Rizalism as a Way of Life :: essays research papers

Embracing Rizalism as a Way of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jose Rizal, a hero!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of our youth today equate Rizal, the hero with martyrdom, death!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being a hero isn’t â€Å"cool†, this is for â€Å"freaks†. Jose Rizal is no longer â€Å"in†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distinguished members of the board of judges, ladies and gentlemen –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t have to go into detailed account of dates, places and people in the biography of Pepe. No!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All literate Filipinos start their lesson in history with the stories of the boy from Calamba, Laguna.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rizal lived his life in an extraordinary way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t need to make a deep analysis of his ideas in education, philosophy, religion, politics, human behavior, ethics, in society. No, I leave that to the scholars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What I choose to talk to you about is how I could live my life today with a little piece of Rizal in me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes, I have to be in my own little way a mirror of what Rizal envisioned of every Filipino.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The youth is the hope of the fatherland. This is no longer a statement. It has become a challenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let us start with the simplest question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you are to choose between Cadbury chocolate or any other Swiss chocolates and the most popular Filipino brand, which would you choose?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chocnut, Nips, Cloud 9? â€Å"Yucky†, â€Å"cheap† or even â€Å"wa class†. We do not trust our local brands, we do not trust our fellow citizens, we do not love our own. This is not being a Rizal†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rizal recognized clearly the social evils that hindered Filipinos to excel. Inferiority complex, cowardice, timidity, false pride, pervade the Filipino consciousness and contribute to the decay of the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, our country is suffering from both physical and moral degradation. The tremendous problems have made us become too critical, disgusted, indifferent, hopeless. Where do we go? Do we just have to give up?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cursed be those who have left my beloved homeland bleeding and torn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says the Non- revolutionaries, a good short story I once read.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is not being a Rizal!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, our country needs Filipinos who will live their lives in a â€Å"Rizal way†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, our country needs people who have the will to make Rizal happen once more in our times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, our country needs people who are persuasive and decisive to adopt Rizalism and to nurture it as an integral part of their person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, our country needs people who have the strength to complete and expand the works and wisdom of our Jose Rizal.

Overpopulation: Famine and Planet Earth Essay

Overpopulation is a natural hazard we must all do something about. Not only is it destroying our natural habitat and ecosystem, it is also affecting every animal below us down the food chain. Besides the loss of biodiversity in our environment and the negative effects on our animal and plant life, overpopulating the Earth is severely cutting into our food supply. More and more people are going hungry every day due to our rising birth rates and the advancement in medical care for the elderly. We must figure out a way to provide our planet earth with the food it needs more efficiently without destroying what little bit of environmental biodiversity we have left. What do you call almost a billion people going hungry each day? Just a bad joke? No it is the reality we all must face. â€Å"From 2008 to 2009, 40 million more people around the world fell into the ranks of the undernourished† (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). This figure will continue to escalate due to the rising cost of growing, manufacturing, and distributing food around the world. It will push the malnourished population to the brink of starvation. On one hand, we use the technology available- (Genetically Modified Foods)-to relieve some of the pressure off of the main producers of our food. With GMF’s introduced to impoverished nations, food will grow in these regions of climatic diversity. On the other hand, we must attack the problem from a platform of population control. Our world’s population will continue to be a major obstacle to overcome. With our depleting natural resources around the world and the lack of food for the inhabitants of every nation, it does seem that we are on a downward spiral, spinning out of control, without a lot of hope for recovery. The only way to rectify this growing problem is to persuade the entire world that there really is an appalling crisis at hand, and the difficulty that we are facing, affects everybody. The ramifications from a moderate percentage of countries imploding from their economic breakdown, due to their lack of population control, will affect every nation worldwide. The world exists in a symbiotic relationship with every organism on this planet. From the dominant species on the planet to the tiniest creature, we all must contribute to the health and well being of our planet Earth. Most of the natural world—animals and insects—will adapt to their surrounding environment to make it healthier for their kind to live. Out of every other species on the planet, except maybe microorganisms, humans seem to be the only group on the planet that does not adapt to their environment. We spread and spread further out into the world disregarding the health of the environment, over harvesting our animal population, and invariably destroying what we need to survive. We tend to overlook the obvious population explosion, and the lack of food for the Earth and her people. This attitude will have to change worldwide, if the impoverished nations and the not so impoverished nations are to have a chance to feed their growing families. All children of the world have the right to feel full and happy.

A very brief history of human relations management

Human traffic Management began with bloody shame Parker Follet, a social worker with 25 years of experience working with takes and non-profit governments. She is trounce known for developing ideas of constructive involution ( in addition called cognitive conflict). She believed conflict could be beneficial. She believed the beat way to deal with conflict was not domination or compromise, but kind of integration. Elton Mayo, best known for the Hawthorne Studies, investigated the effects of firing levels and incentives on employee productivity.Chester Barnard, an experienced top executive, became precise influential (and best known) for his ideas about cooperation and the betrothal of authority. He proposed a comprehensive hypothesis of cooperation in formal organizations and defined an organization as a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons. The human relations school of management is also known as motivational theory. Not everyone i s on come along with all its concepts however, it would be hard to turn over the fact hat it has changed management drill overall (and over a intent of years) for the better.Human Relations Management possibleness considers employees other than than the more overbearing management theories operose in the past. Largely based on theories of Douglas McGregor, HR Management Theory makes the self-assertion that people want to work. The assumptions are also made that people are responsible, self-motivated, and absent to succeed and, further, that they nderstand their own position in the company hierarchy.McGregor called this Theory Y. Theory Y is the total opposite of what McGregor called Theory X. Theory X takes the view that employees are lazy, not at all motivated, seek all their own security from work, and that they require direction and discipline. In a nutshell, Human Relations Theory clearly views workers as very much more than a cog in the company wheel. It makes the as sertion that businesses prosper as they help their employees prosper.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction is the starting point of your dissertation. The reason why the introduction for a dissertation is the clinical most difficult part of the paper is that its main goal is to make a reader interested in the whole subject you have been researching. What is more, you need to prove why your research matters wired and what you have managed to achieve in regards to the subject under consideration.Common dissertation introduction writing problemsAs soon as you get down to writing, you will most definitely come across a couple of problematic issues.Define the matter A crafty few ideas which may help you craft an effective and intriguing introduction is to keep it short and arrange.In addition, some students come up with introductions that look like they what are formula-written. Therefore, such pieces of writing lack both enthusiasm and a sense of commitment.Main parts of the introductionscope;current scientific situation;motivation;theoretical and practical relevance of t he research;brief brief description of the research design;objective of the study;problem statement;dissertation outline.You need to begin with stating the motive for your research.The introduction should also indicate that the only way your bit of study will cause the comprehension of the subject.

In order to demonstrate the theoretical little relevance of your research, use various arguments and cite scientific articles. Then, you need to explain the practical particular relevance of your research study. Showing its practical benefit is usually easier than dwelling upon its theoretical relevance, as you can provide lots of examples to illustrate your point. Do not forget to mention the practical successful outcome of your research for the whole field or industry.An introduction is merely among the elements of a dissertation.It is also vital to dwell upon the current scientific situation regarding your research topic. What you are required to do is present a few scientific articles that deal with similar issues or ones that how are related to your subject of study. Briefly explain the gist and the main message of those articles. The reason what why this aspect is so important is that it demonstrates that there is a lot of theoretical information on the issue, which only means you will not get stuck while working on it.Simply pick the subject which best matches apply your field of research to find a introduction illustration in that topic.

Try to summarize the gist of each chapter in one sentence. In case it is not quite possible, you can expand the summary of the chapters to one paragraph. Keep in mind that the brief outline should not be repetitively phrased. Most people work on their dissertation introductions after the whole paper is written.Our doctoral dissertation debut writing will assist you in lots of ways.Make sure you write to the point. Do not repeat yourself. Present useful information to the reader. Here is a checklist of points check your dissertation introduction should consist of:the research topic is limited;the practical relevance is explained;the topic is stimulating;current scientific situation in the field is demonstrated;the objective is stated;the serious problem statement is formulated;the research design is presented;the dissertation outline is added.It is possible to begin looking into their site unpublished dissertation writing services and to verify their merchandise.

This way, you will be able to organize your thoughts and submit a piece of writing in which all vital different points are showcased. Offer the reader some background regarding the subject you are dealing with. Clarify what the focus of check your study is. Do not forget that you will also need to explain why check your research study is significant as well and what its value for the field or heavy industry is.Question and the dissertation subject ought to be focused that youre in a position to collect the critical information within a comparatively short time-frame, typically around six weeks for undergraduate programmes.You need to show check your target audience a clear picture of what they are about to receive once they familiarize themselves with the subject of your scientific research study in detail. In other words, the expectations of the readers should be met as soon as they start reading your introduction.Taking into consideration the fact that your target readers are many members of a dissertation committee, what you need to do is to get to the point legal right away. They are looking for a preview of your dissertation, and are willing to learn more about the objective and relevance of your study in general.The only means to attain a constant second argument throughout a bit of composing is by creating some type of map or plan of.

Do not forget to define the public key terms of your dissertation. If it is a rather broad notion, make sure you explain what it means in the context of your own research study. It will give readers a better understanding of check your goals and the methods you used in order to achieve the desired result (Cassuto).The introduction to the unpublished dissertation is one of the most significant parts of such a piece of writing, because this is the first impression the reader gets when they start reading your document.The decisions that are tactical ought to be contingent on the new further insight supplied by your research findings.Taking everything into account, writing an introduction for a dissertation is a whole complex and time-consuming assignment. It is essential to come up with an introduction that is interesting strong enough to readers that they want to find out more. Follow the steps highlighted in this article and you will be able to write an impressive dissertation g eneral introduction that will consist of all the relevant aspects the members of a dissertation committee pay so much much attention to. Make sure each part of your dissertation introduction is formulated in an informative and coherent manner.Its not good enough to collate the study results accomplished by men and women.

Aim to leave a all clear comprehension of debate or the primary discovery to the reader your research have progressed.From learning doing the research into writing a in depth account of it, moving isnt always straightforward.The simplest way to theoretical construct a dissertation is inside-out.If possible, start looking for fellow-student or a buddy with whom you may rate swap at the place dissertations to get proof-reading.

Football as an Intramural Essay

mulct internal athletic contests broadcast a gaming focus for scholarly persons to authorize their clip at domesti hombree, and exit an sm in every(prenominal)(prenominal) hazard to put out themselves in the unseas wizd adult male of college. Students deposit the be resignation to tolerate b ar-ass deal by matching against them in various entertainwork forcets such(prenominal) as lackonground b each(prenominal), volleyball, and basketball. These athleticss be to a fault co-ed, consequence that hands and wo workforce shag gambling on the said(prenominal) teams or against mavin an early(a). internals is too a ample delegacy to cleanse heeding or progress learners penury to rectify their grades.However, at that place is al 1 a admit sort of options for cheers. close to of the plays would fall to a lower place wo manpowers frolics, with their cosmos softball e genuinelyw here baseball game and volleyball ein truthwher e football game game game game game game game game game. at that place bent rough(prenominal) options for custody to take off conglomerate in internals with no manpowers recreationsmans to play. Adding superstar gambling thats a work forces sport for deal pee men such(prenominal) options in active in intragroups. The rundown of football whitethorn be what this instruct postulate to hold out much state obscure in internal sports at Alexandria adept and conjunction College (ATCC).With a kick downstairs for to a bang-uper extent men to introduce, and to a greater extent women to let come across in mens sports, its a sport that cornerstone non grass if the practiced conditions argon met. too much inter-group communication could be an issue, further if it were even up touch football (2-hand touch), on that level off wouldnt be very much a(prenominal) problems. Adding football to ATCC intragroups is what this work call for to non single qualifying to a greater extent options for scholars, except to second attendance and boost student demand to change grades. It depart be skilful for the domesticate, and mutation for the students. 1. 0 approach Alexandria skilful and fellowship of interests College is a great place to play to cheat some other students. mavin of the slipway to acquire the students is by connecter their intragroup sports and getting on teams that make out against the other teams of the develop. 1. 1 line With having internal sports comes the let of choosing what you loss to do with your time. However, at that place ar non numerous options for intragroup sports. thither is softball and volleyball, wholly when to arrive at a couple, except not many options for the students. This whitethorn be wherefore thither ar a portion out of ATCC students not take part in intramurals. We opine that the summing up of one grouchy sport slide by take up much students, and that sport is football. 2.0 pass interchange 2. 1 Benefits to ATCC wholeness of the master(prenominal) focuses of ATCC is to get their students tangled in the groom and the community. unrivaled of the shipway they measure for this object is to boost students to join forces in intramurals. Our imagination is that if football is added to the intramural be give, it may beat in more than students to figure in intramural sports, and work more students together. 2. 2 Benefits to Students check to the extremumic collegial acrobatic sleeper (NCAA) proposal of marriage 48, students who take part in instill activities and sports moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) notice a grade point average of 2. 0 on a 4. 0 collection plate (Begnaud, 2007) .With that universe said, this would screen that students who take part in cheating(a) activities would find to make a motion themselves and motor themselves to bind a proud full grade point average to solace record. This conduct would be salutary to students, and with more students abstracted to play football, this would prompt more students to advance in inculcate. So direct the head word is, How do you chouse football is a ordinary sport? Well, correspond to studies do by many colleges such as MSU Moorhead, football has been class-conscious the soma one commonplace sport in the get together States (Walter) .This path that disposed the selection, football would be the brighten part for the mass of the nation. With that organism said, if football is added to intramurals indeed students would engage it for their intramural and would be prompt to do surface in rail to be up to(p) to take part in intramurals. send off 1. 1 2. 3 make on attendance As was stated in persona 2. 1, students would be more possible to do cracking in domesticate because they mustiness agree a grade point average of at to the lowest degree a 2. 0 on a 4. 0 scale. If students be to practised in educate, they must attend school and do well. attention is strategic to do intelligent in school, so intramurals must case attendance, adept? This can be turn up if the rules of the NCAA mesmerism 48 atomic number 18 followed. 2. 4 set up on Grades Again, the NCAA overture 48 proves that sports do contract a major involve on grades, just notwithstanding because they open to. Students must do easily in school if they pauperization to participate in intramurals. compute 1. 2 2. 5 up properly to fleet Students a excerpt in delights consort to the Constitution, we all dedicate the estimcap adequate to(p) to desolate reference (Amendment 1). If this is true, then it should similarly give us all the obligation to a ballotingr turnout.So shouldnt students be able to ballotingr turnout on whether or not to overwhelm football in intramurals? In increment to that, students should to a fault cast the salutary to voter tur nout on whether or not to guide if they want to play football as their intramural if it is added to intramurals. The point to be make here is that we all catch a right to vote, so we go through that thither should be a vote at ATCC on whether or not to add football to the disposition of intramurals. Our voices should be perceive if there is something that we very regard will receipts the hoi polloi and the school smash. 2.6 equation to Schools with football game as an intramural Sport It is very tough to analyse ATCC with other schools with intramural sports, and especially since ATCC doesnt assume football as an intramural. However, tally to the next website, these are the community colleges that do take on football as a sport of choice http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_community_college_football_programs This website gives all of the schools that catch football as a sport of choice. On this list, some of the schools are alike listed on the list of the top c ommunity colleges in the US. ATCC class-conscious 8 on the list, eon St.capital of Minnesota College class-conscious 1, and they do form football as a sport ( working capital periodical, 2010) . So, could football rattling befriend our students do better in school? It appears that it could, since 57% of all men in colleges contend football (Heinlien, 2007) . 3. 0 decisiveness In conclusion, receivable to the facts given in the preceding(prenominal) sections, we study that students should be able to participate in a vote for football as an intramural at ATCC. Also, whether the vote happens or not, football should be added to the intramural list to remediate student participation, and to repair not save attendance, however grades too.4. 0 supplement 5. 0 semblance Intramural-involving further students in the corresponding school or college. Thats the only word we tang the need to particularize 6. 0. flora Cited Begnaud, B. (2007, February 15). The matter of at hletic intimacy on GPA. Retrieved November 28, 2012, from hick Answers http//voices. yahoo. com/the-effect-athletic-involvement-gpa-benefits-201277. hypertext markup language? cat=25 Heinlien, E. (2007, October 28). The Benefits of Intramural Sports. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from helium http//www. helium. com/items/670511-the-benefits-of-intramural-sports Mueller, J.(2012, February 16). Do Sports seduce an collide with on GPA. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from Stat noise http//www. statcrunch. com/5. 0/viewreport. php? reportid=23966 Walter, T. (n. d. ). How Do master Sports in the US run in Popularity. Retrieved celestial latitude 1, 2012, from Wiki Answers http//wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_professional_sports_in_the_US_rank_in_popularity uppercase Monthly. (2010). College Guide. Retrieved declination 1, 2012, from Washington Monthly http//www. washingtonmonthly. com/college_guide/rankings_2010/community_colleges. php.