Assessment Portfolio and Analysis Essay Example for Free

Assessment Portfolio and Analysis EssayThe purpose of perspicacity.b.Your plan for including judgment when working with children. c.How you can use assessment to document childrens work. d.How you will use childrens interests and ideas when assessing.Assessment Portfolio and AnalysisThe mission is to help children/students to better themselves and be able to finish any task that they have started to the fullest. The goal is to determine where the child is at developmentally/educationally. I will learn where the child stands, what they already know and how farther they can be pushed to achieving our goal. According to the text, Assessment is the process of gathering information around children from several forms of evidence, then organizing and interpreting that information (Wortham, S.C. (2012). I know that it is the teachers responsibility to test the students, from that the teacher will be able to understand where each individual child stands.My plan for including assessmen t when working with children is to be able to carefully be assess the child and take my time. I will make accurate decisions regarding the child and will hold the childs parents as well for their input. One way that I can use assessment to document the childs work is through and through portfolio. According to teacher.scholastic.com, These purposeful collections of childrens work illustrate their efforts, progress, and achievements over time. Teachers and children can compile the collections together from work completed in the classroom. As they talk together about the childs interests and progress, they develop new activities for the child to focus on.(http//teacher.scholastic.com/professional/assessment/perfassess.htm)

Strategic Analysis of SingTel Telecom

Strategic digest of SingTel telecommunicationIntroductioncapital of Singapore telecommunication (Singapore telecommunications Limited, referred to as SingTel, AFP) was realized in 1879, is a wholly- leted by Singapore goernment-owned company, it is Singapores largest telecommunications companies.Singapore Telecom to increase soundly in commercializes come forwardside of Singapore, and a partial s posit in the operator, including the Australian carriers Optuss 100% stake in 2000, the British C qualified and Wireless Optus, and other shell outholders of the shargons.Singapore Telecom a majority stake is controlled by Temasek Holdings, the Chairman is lee(prenominal)Hsien Yang (the trice son of former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and current Prime MinisterLee Hsien Loong, his younger brother).Products and ServicesSingTel is Asias leading telecommunications company, with across receiving set and Internet platforms for voice, data receiptss, service-oriented vexation, as intum esce as home two areas. Singapore Telecom has considerable been committed to providing guests with the Asia- peaceful regions most gamey- woodland service. Now the focus is on the Internet service deliverrs, roving phones and fixed telephone communications work above.Company HistoryOver the past decade, Singapore Telecom has successfully holy their high efficiency to the worlds leading operator changes. The company offers a wide range, the price is preferably competitive telecommunications services, and global 5000 companies from different countries to provide telecommunications services. Singapore Telecom has already built a large scale in Singapores domestic telecommunications network, and the annual investment of 1 billion impudently coins update the network. In nine to conjure up competitiveness at home and abroad, the company offers gifted fixed telecommunications services. At present, the company has been in the world, 15 countries, 23 cities and regions set up o perative organs, including China, the United States, Britain, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Hong Kong and Taiwan. It has a glorious history of 120 years. SingTel marks to be a new era of pan-Pacific region bears the brunt of the true sense of the telecom operators. To this end, Singapore Telecom go out continue to expand with other Asian countries in telecom peers, and the scope of cooperation. SingTels Group CEO is Chua Sock Koong and CEO is Allen Lew.Business schemaSingapore Telecommunications Ltd. owns 7800 million as the users SingTel is Asia Pacific region, excluding China, the largest restless Internet operators. 1992 companies from the former government monopoly privatized, SingTel in 2003, when the postal service from its opening, the focus is forthwith on the Internet service providers, mobile phones and fixed telephone communications services above. Hopes by means of a comprehensive and sophisticated inter home(a) leading-edge technology, and gradual ly lounge about rid of the public color, precipitously turned into a full private sector. Goal is to build a world-class institutions, not only to win the international community for its recognition of knowledge and technology and technical expertise, and quality service and results provided by domestic users name in any case been positive.LogoNew corporate logo by a simple, exemplary of the ellipse, with the two squares. Designed to highlight the companys innovative technology, international affairs and services-oriented. Elliptical lines out of Singapore Telecoms global vision, the two squares on behalf of the acclivitous digital technologies, eyepatch the red and black of a stable and reliable dissemination of messages. The new visual corporate identity and prove Singapores telecommunications as a global application leaders pivotal position.From the above mentioned, we understand that SingTel Group is a leading company in the telecommunication industry in the region, d ue to successful business organization strategies. Thus, it is important that all organizations understand their strengths and weaknesses originally implementing strategies. They should first analyze their goals and operations to see if the current practices are working towards the com get byionary working and vision.A companys vision and mission is crucial to an organization, as it paves the way for where the company is headed and what it assumes to provide for its stakeholders. At the beginning of strategic management process, the organization ineluctably to develop its vision statement and mission statement. A vision statement is what the organization wants to deform and describe how the future get out look if the organization achieves its mission. A mission statement explains what the organization does, for whom and what the receipts is. The vision, mission statements and core cling tos of SingTel are shown in table 1 as followPrior to the development of scheme and ma rketplaceing plans, they should evaluate some(prenominal) the external and versed factors. Hence, the corporate world usually utilizes various strategic tools like the deck out Analysis that whitethorn influence the implementation of plans.Below is the SWOT Analysis of SingTelSingTel SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis is the overall evaluation of a companys Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The external analysis looks at opportunities and threats created by the environment while the internal analysis looks at the strengths and weaknesses of the company. In strategic planning, the company matches its capabilities with available opportunities and takes action to minimize threats. (Kotler, Bowen and Makens, 2006)SingTel Group is the leading integrated communications service providers in the Asia Pacific region and their core business operations are located in Singapore and Australia. The company has business in a number of sectors of the telecommunications market in the Asi a Pacific region (http//home.singtel.com/investor_relations/default.asp , 2009).Internal Environmental Analysis (Strengths Weakness)Strengths are resources and capabilities that allow the firm to complete important tasks. Resources can be the tangible and intangible assets held by the firm, and capabilities result when the firm integrates several different resources to complete a task or a series of related tasks. (Hoskisson/ Hitt/ Ireland, 2009)Weaknesses are those actions a company is not doing well or resources a company are lacking. Most importantly each business ingests to evaluate its strengths and weaknesses periodi knelly.Strengths and Weaknesses of SingTel are as follow hearty cash flowSingapores Top Ten Brands 2009 ranked number 6Exclusive call for with Apple 2008Right to broadcast the next trine seasons of the reckon Premier alliance (EPL)Lack of feasibility of a universal set-top boxLack of subjects for local pay TV marketStrengthsMost of SingTels strategic, av ailable and financial dynamics are currently improving. This is an indication that the companys current business strategies are proving to be successful.SingTel has a diverse spread of geographical operations. The companys main business activities are focused in Singapore and Australia and partners located in India, Belgium, Hong Kong, Thailand, the Philippines, Taiwan and Indonesia. The spread of geographical operations pull up stakes benefit the company, as it go out become less depend on the local market to generate revenues. Most of their businesses are experiencing double-digit revenue appendage over the past year (http//home.singtel.com/investor_relations/default.asp , 2009).SingTel captured the exclusive contract with Apple last year, and has since brought in more than 100,000 iPhones, thus increasing the companys revenue, the average spending per node for mobile data (http//home.singtel.com/investor_relations/default.asp , 2009).Taking sixth position for the Superbrands Survey, which determine over 500 of Singapores consumers favorite brands across 93 categories of consumer harvest-times and services demonstrated the consumers choice and trust in SingTels products and services (www.marketing-interactive.com/news/11875).SingTel outbid StarHub to score the coveted rights to broadcast the next three seasons of the incline Premier League (EPL) from 2010 to 2012. With the rights to broadcast the EPL, there will be a great potential that sports incline customers from StarHub will switch to SingTel (The Straits Time dated 11 November 2009).WeaknessesAs a leading telecommunication company in Asia, the customer service in SingTel has inhabit for improvement. Under the current extreme competitive environment, all the companies not only need to provide unique products but in addition good customer service. Thus, employee educational activity program could be provided in order to handle customers problems effectively.With acquire of the Pay TV license in the domestic market in Singapore, Singapore needs to look at the feasibility of a universal set-top box that will best benefits consumers and align with the government strategic direction. SingTels cable television subscribers complaining to the highest degree the hassle of having two set-top boxes may be a challenge that SingTel need to overcome (The Business Times dated 4 November 2009).External Environmental Analysis (Opportunities Threats)Opportunities are conditions in the firms external environment that may help the firm reach its vision (Hoskisson and Hitt, 2009). A marketing opportunity is an area of need in which a company can perform profitably. Opportunities can be listed and classified according to their attractiveness and the success profitability. (Kotler, Bowen and Makens, 2006)Threats are conditions in the firms external environment that may prevent the firm from reaching its vision (Hoskisson and Hitt, 2009). An environmental threat is a challenge posed by unfa vourable trend or developments that would lead, in the absence of defensive marketing action, to sales or profit deterioration. Threats can be classified according to their seriousness and probability of occurrence. (Kotler, Bowen and Makens, 2006)Opportunities and Treats of SingTel are as follow world-wide opportunities in mobile communicationRights to broadcast the World form 2010Potential merger of StarHub and Mobile 1 (M1)Australian market strong competitionOpportunitiesAfrica and Vietnam are markets in the emerging mobile space, which is definitely worth our interest, and SingTel is actively taking the lead to explore the untapped emerging telecom market. (Harry Suhartono, Nov 11,2009)Singapore and Australia accounted for 54 percent of the groups EBITDA , earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and more opportunities for further growth. With SingTel outbid StarHub to score the coveted rights to broadcast the next three seasons of the English Premier Lea gue (EPL), there will be great opportunities to expand the customer-base for PayTV customers (http//home.singtel.com/investor_relations/default.asp , 2009).Moreover, with the exclusive right to broadcast the next three seasons of EPL, F1, the next opportunity for SingTel is Word Cup 2010. With clinch of the World Cup 2010, SingTel will dominate the Sports line of descents in the region.TreatsWith StarHub and MobileOne obtain licenses to sell Apples popular iPhone and their launched on 9 December 2009, SingTel lost the 15th months monopoly. Thus, will likely to face tougher competition in the local market.Potential merger of StarHub and MobileOne will be a hulking treats to SingTels Number One position in Singapore for mobile market in Singapore.SingTels subsidiary Optus is facing strong competition with their competitors in the Australia and maybe affects their leading position and revenges.With the competitive market, SingTel will put on to fight against StarHub and MobileOne th rough price, promotions, and advertising since all three companies main business are in the provision of mobile plans and the sale of mobile phones. Perhaps, SingTel may need to improve the customer service further to create a superior customer service that tag to their brandWith the winning of the broadcast rights for the English Premier League, it is expected that truehearted football fans will switch from StarHub over to SingTel, specially with the low rate offered by SingTel. Hence, competition is intense and SingTel would need to take on actions to further enhance its Strength whilst working on its Weaknesses.After evaluating the external and internal factors, SingTel started to develop strategies such as launching of Mio TV, which is able to capture more market packet and ultimately enhancing SingTels market position. Mio TV is a new technological product in the current market, thus, it is necessary for the company to assess the product life do the dishes per second (PLC ).Product Life Cycle jibe to Kotler, every product has its life. The product life daily round concept allows marketer to plan their marketing strategies to manage their product or service through various phases of their product life cycle. The purpose of this concept to establish which phase of its life cycle is and select the best fitted marketing strategies for the product in that phase.Base on Kotler (2000) the product life cycle can be divided into four distinct phases those are introduction, growth, adulthood and decline phases. Furthermore, Kotler also provided the following marketing characteristic, marketing objective and marketing strategies within its of the product life cycle phases.Characteristic according to Kotler, there are existing different characteristic sales, cost, profit, competitors and customer for its stages in the product life cycle. Those can be described as followSale characteristics sales are low in the introduction stages, rapidly increase in the gro wth stages, peaking in the maturity stages and decreasing in the decline stages.Cost characteristics the cost per customer will be high in the introductory stage, average cost per customer in the growth stage, and low cost per customer in the maturity and decline stage.Profit characteristic profits can be none or negative in the introductory stage, increase in the growth stage, and high in the maturity stage and reducing in the decline phase.Competitors characteristic there is existing only few competitors in the introductory stage, increasing in the growth stage, stable in the maturity and decreasing in the decline stage.Customer characteristic in the introductory stage has only few customers who call innovators are testing the product, early adopter essay the growth stage, a middle majority testing product in the maturity and the laggard trying the product in the decline stage.Marketing objectives Kotler also provides differences kinds of companys marketing objectives which link ed to four stages of product as belowIntroductory stage to make sensory faculty and psychometric test by using an intensive advertising and promotion campaign.Growth stage to maximize the market shareMaturity stage maintaining market share while profits can be still maximizeDecline stage reducing marketing expenditure of the product during this stage while the aim will be to milk the product.Marketing strategies the alternative marketing strategies was given by Kotler are related to various stage of the product life cycle as belowProduct strategy a basic product will be offered in the introductory stage, product extensions and warranties will be offered during growth stage, brand and individual product item will be diversified in the maturity stage and the weak model will be phased out during decline stage.Price strategy the cost plus price will be changed during introductory phase, price will be set to penetrate the market during the growth phase, the price will be set to meet co mpetitive price during the maturity phase while price will be turn out during the decline phase.Distribution strategy distribution will be built selectively during introductory phase, it will be intensive during growth phase, distribution will be further developed during the maturity phase and it will be more selective during decline phase.Advertising strategy building awareness of product among early adopter and dealers in the introductory phase, building awareness and interest in the mass market during the growth phase, stressing brand differences and benefits during the maturity phase and quash the advertising level needed to retain hard core-loyal customers in the decline phase.Sale promotion strategy using heavy promotion to entice trial during the introductory phase, reduced promotion to take favor of heavy customers demand during the growth phase, increase promotion to encourage brand switching in the maturity phase and reducing promotion to minimum in the decline phase.Li mitations of the Product Life Cycle ConceptThe term life cycle implies a percipient life cycle as observed in living organisms, but products do not have such a predictable life and the particular life cycle curves followed by different products vary substantially. Consequently, the life cycle concept is not well-suited for the forecasting of product sales. Furthermore, critics have argued that the product life cycle may become self-fulfilling. For example, if sales peak and then decline, managers may conclude that the product is in the decline phase and therefore cut the advertising budget, thus precipitating a further decline.Each customer is more or less free to adopt products for their own needs this is sometimes called the shopping serve approach to product adoption. However, in order to attract customer, not only should SingTel understand the PLC, it is also necessary for SingTel to analyze the competition and to be proactive to beat competitors in the current highly competi tive market. door harborers five forces is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It uses concepts developing Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_five_forces_analysis)SingTels Competitive RivalrySingapore Telecommunications Limited is considered as the biggest telecommunication company in Singapore. Singtels services provide for customers with ISP (SingNet), IPTV (Mio TV), fixed line telephony and mobile phone. The second largest in mobile operator and cable television is StarHub, its also the biggest competitor of SingTel in Singapore.The recently moves of these two companies in cable television services have made the impacts on them. This also pointed out the effective strategy that SingTel approached over its competitors StarHub.StarHub us ed to be right holder of English Premium League, Champion League and it had to pay around US $150 million for the current 2007 to 2009. StarHub has provided attractive packages of television cable that includes so many sport and entertainment channels. Its really an advantage competitive of StarHub to increase its market shares over SingTel. StarHub actually has surpassed SingTel in this area and been really a big challenge of SingTel.However, a fantastic move of strategy from SingTel recently has changed things differently. StarHub has been beaten on bid and SingTel has won the right to be the holder of English Premium League and Champion League for its Mio TV. The ESPN Star Sports channel of StarHub cable networks will belong to SingTel in the middle of 2010 as well. The rights of ESPN Star Sport include English FA Cup, Formula One motor racing, Wimbledon tennis, US Open, Australian Open and US Open golf. These channels are going to Singtel, and this factor will definitely make in creasing number of Singtels subscribers.The failure of StarHub in command racing is not the end of its Television cable services. StarHubs platform still can present the English football with delayed telecasts matches on Goal TV 1 and Goal TV2 channels for its subscribers at present and future seasons.For Singtel, with the advantages in being the new holder of those channels, Singtel will have a contract of three years period. The contract will start in August 2010 and include mobile and internet rights as well as Television cable services. One thing is considered as promotion of Singtel, it will guarantee to keep the current payment of StarHubs subscribers and will not change anything.It will be Singtel, the company will deliver the English Barclay Premium League matches to Singapore. The ways of viewing live football matches on Television, on mobile phones and internet will be amend by Singtel. It will bring the best services to its football fans.On the other hand, SingTels comp etitor, StarHub still tries to maintain the best quality sport content to its customer. It now focuses more on shareholders expectations in terms of profits. StarHubs bid for Barclay Premium League was really aggressive. So now they look forward to the time when they can get back to right of being the holder. And StarHub is always a big challenge of SingTel. It could approach the opportunities anytime and get over SingTel in the future.Implication Analysis electrical shocks on viewing audienceMost of viewers from StarHub will not be happy when they have to change to SingTels Mio TV service for sports channels. The situation will be worst for the customers, who have signed the contract of two years with StarHub for sport package. The English Premium League and other sports content will now not be able to be viewed by them. The subscribers of StarHub need to sign up with SingTel as an addition if they would like to view sports content. When the viewers sign up for Mio TV service of S ingTel, they also need to install a SingTel fixed line in advance. SingTel has promised with the consumers to keep the pricing of sport content as the current StarHub rates and will not increase anything. It can be seen that, SingTel is giving a special promotion with special package for sports fans. The customers could subscribe to English Premium League and sports packages only of SingTel if they would like.Impact on Singapores Pay TV landscapeSingTel has taken a new step in TV cable service. Now its holding the right of English Premium League and other sports channels, and this will be a very important factor in competing more strongly with other TV providers, especially StarHub. Its really dominance of StarHub when it owns 85 % of market share of Singapore. However, SingTel now will be the only one that brings English Premium League and other sports content to Singapores football fans. Therefore, SingTel is expected to be the number one in providing TV cable services in the futu re.Impact on StarhubSince the IPTV of SingTel appeared in 2007, it has been a big challenge of StarHub. The development of SingTels IPTV has made StarHubs growth rate decrease to 4% year on year. StarHub had 530 grounds TV subscribers in the first half of 2009 and 250 thousand of them belong to the sports package. So being the achiever of the right holder of English Premium League, SingTel will affect StarHubs subscribers so much. Specially, SingTel will attract the attention of football fans directly. However, it is not complete ending for the StarHubs TV cable. StarHub still has other premium content like Star World, HBO, AXN and so on. The customers also need to sign up with StarHub if they wish to view this content. Among 250 thousand of sports package, 36% of them are expected to switch from StarHub to SingTels service. The rest subscribers are expected to sign up for SingTels sports package and still keep their StarHub service for premium content.Impact on SingTelTwenty thre e months since 2007, SingTels Mio TV service had grown so quickly, 100 thousand subscribers is the number of SingTel has reached in June 2009. SingTel has captured over 15% Singapore TV cable market. From April 2008 to March 2009, it has grow its subscribers over its rival StarHub by 79%. Together with the competitive advantage of being the winner of English Premium League and other sports channels, a number of 348 thousand new subscribers will be set for SingTel as an objective to achieve at the end of 2010. This objective will help SingTel to increase up to 42% share of Singapore Pay TV market. However, with the expensive bid like that, its also a long-term plan for SingTel to make IPTV business profitable. SingTel now is holding English football sports and US content pack, but its still not complete. SingTel need to keep its speed of growth and try to take over the premium content of StarHub. It could be the core factor, which can build the SingTels Mio TV cable services perfect ly.In the competitive market place, having a competitive advantage means that the firm is using its resources, capabilities, and core competencies in ways that create more cherish for customers compared to the value competitors products create for those customers. (Hoskisson/ Hitt/ Ireland, 2007) By launching the Mio TV, SingTel is able to gain a competitive edge, the reasons are as followCompetitive AdvantagesOne of telecommunication suppler SingTel provides national fixed-line services, mobile services, broadband, IP and internet access, and international telephone services more than 20 countries. SingTel still continue invest in strategic regional markets, including India, Indonesia, The Philippines, Thailand and Bangladesh for long term growth. accord to the Singapore Telecommunications Report that pay-TV subscriber base around 45,000 mioTV customers in June 2008. Over the quarter, there were some 2,000 net additions. The operator has continually expanded its range, they had fu rther agreements with three Hollywood studios includes Disney-ABC International Television, News Corp units Twentieth Century Fox and Time Warners Warner Bros International Television to raise mioTV channel go from 20 to 50.It is important for a company to develop their own distinctive competitive advantages. It must be unique, hard to imitate by competitors in the resembling industry and its create value to customers and benefit to the company.The Singapore-base telecommunication company Singtel has introduced pay-TV services called MIO TV. It has 33-channel mio TV and customers can select and pay what channel they want to watch.Features like the TV program list channel guide let viewers glance program in advance for 30 days. The mio TVs picture-in-Picture feature that viewer wont miss out other channel showing and remain current channel as well.The viewer can preview any video before notice from library of HD movies and video and make pause, rewind and fast-forward all depend o n customers.The viewer can enjoy high HD quality playback and control your favorite shows to watch and temperament just click of a button, you can record your favorite shows even when you away with Remote Digital Video Recording.The viewer can easy to await the favorite program by input keyword through remote control or via the virtual keyboard on the Television, the intuitive search engine offer intelligent results.The viewers can watch Channel NewsAsia, Mom-on-Demand and KBS world and some other available channels on the new mobile service, including the ads on Mio TV, as well as on mobile phone that SingTel selected Nokia phones to offer this service.The competitive advantage should be benefit to company increase shares of market and revenue returns and create value to shareholders, owners and customers. However, the competitive advantage may be imitate by competitors or create different advantages to more value to customers. One of the competitors of Singapore-base telecommuni cation company Starhub, they provide cable TV as well. But the exclusively offer by SingTel had been rewarded to broadcast UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League from 2009 to 2012. Subscribers can watch live matches broadcasting in Dual Sound both in English and Mandarin. Furthermore, SingTel had picked up a right to broadcast Barclays English Premier League matches and ESPN STAR Sports on Mio TV.According to director of Mio TV Low Ka Hoe said Sport content is an important part of our offering, and this move signifies our ongoing efforts to expand and improve our selection of quality content for our viewers,The world wide service of SingTel is a opportunity for the firm continually invest and expansion in core overseas market of Indonesia, India and new market such as Vietnam and Pakistan and beyond Asia Pacific. Overseas investments are an essential part of SingTel strategy especially in saturated domestic market of Singapore. According to Singapore Telecommunications Report SingTel in June 2008 and its foreign associates shared a total of 197.714 mn, representing an increase of 45% over the year and 8.2% during the quarter.Evaluate strategy base on competitive advantageThe firm should create non-replace and valuable competitive advantage through create strong core competencies. Base on competitive advantage, lessening Bowman and Richard DAveni use Strategy Clock to further explain Michael Porter s generic strategy. The strategy clock represents different positions in a market where customers have different requirements in terms of value for money. The organization may have unique resources that others cannot imitate or obtain, for example, long-term established brand be a cost leadership by apply price-based strategy or lower-priced strategy. However, in small domestic saturated market like Singapore, managers may take Differentiation strategy or hybrid strategy that provides unique or slightly different products and services from others to customer b y pricing slightly higher.The strong and well-established competitive advantages can strength companys capability and strategy decision making. Therefore,ConclusionIn account of analyzing the strategy of Singtel, it surly gave the reason that why the Singapore Telecom is Singapores largest telecommunications company. This company has nearly 130 years of operating experience in the successful completion of this period to the worlds leading high- performance carrier changes. In business, SingTel search a breakthrough innovation, development of local public sentiment for the internationalization of the business to treat the inability to adapt. Of course, these innovations are also based on SingTels own existing resources, it is an international network. More than that, Singtel not only in China for the global 5300 companies in different countries offer a wide price quite competitive telecommunications services, but also SingTel has built its domestic large-scale telecommunications net works, and the annual investment of 1 billion new coins to be updated in order to enhance domestic and international competitiveness. SingTels overseas investment is a long-term strategy. Currently, SingTel has expanded to 20 countries and regions, their overseas operations include not only the traditional fixed, mobile phone networks and the Internet, voice data, but also related to satellite communications, submarine cable systems. In the past 10 years, strong adaptability and technical advantages SingTels international strategy is to promote time and time again to be successful. Opportunities always favor those who prepared. SingTels long-term development plan formulated by it can, and be good at the right time, choosing the right investments. The use of a merger or investment to enter unfamili

A Mentor Is A More Experienced Individual Nursing Essay

A Mentor Is A More Experienced Individual Nursing riseMy belief in instructing is to let a mentee develop their skills and to progress professionally on their take in rather than a learn beingness directive. My idea is in line with Hawkey, (1998, p.665, in Harrison, Dymoke Pell, 2004, p.1065) that instructing is well-nigh mentors giving help to develop mentees skills. However, a mentor plays many mappings in the life of a mentee and the mentor intent has been outlined in various different ways. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD, 2010) has pointed out, for example, that mentoring is a reciprocal professional reading consanguinity among the mentor and mentee on what happens in the divisionroom. In short, mentoring is typically viewed and presented as the process of supporting and guiding the mentee with the aim of helping them to progress professionally. Mentoring has featured in a intermixture of ways throughout my professional life as an edu cator.As a foremost time mentor, it was quite difficult to be a mentor though I am still learning to become more confident and an effective mentor. However, I became interested in unpicking the concepts and employs of mentoring in direct response to my role, which demands me to be more critically aware of the process in order to support my mentee effectively. I obligate had the beneficial fortune of being both a mentee and right away a mentor. In an effort to help build the beat mentoring relationship possible, both mentor and mentee need to see if they can communicate with each other since this is an important aspect in the mentor relationship. Pittenger and Heimann, (2000) explores this mentor relationship in George Mapilly (2012) advocating that mentoring relationships require mentor and mentee to engage in challenging activities, utilizing new skills (p.140). Being a outgrowth time mentor, it was vital to my continuing practice that I critically examine my own practice in relation to my mentee, since being a critically broody mentor would help me to define a way of thinking that accepts uncertainty and acknowledges dilemmas (Dewey, 1933, 1938 King Kitchener, 1994 Sparks-Langer Colton, 1991 Zehm Kottler, 1993, in Larrivee B. 2000, p294).The purpose of this assignment is to provide information about effective mentoring practice and to suggest how mentors and mentees can get the best out of a mentoring relationship which is highlighted by Holloway and White (1994), by emphasizing that there is a need for an unbiased relationship to enable the mentee to effectively explore their own discipline (in Woodd, 1997 p.335). The assignment leave alone further approximate my own practice in peer- mentoring a member of my own department. We both teach Home- Economics and I have been functional alongside her for quaternion years. My mentee is an experienced teacher who has been teaching for four years, the same as me. After I arranged a day and time to go observe my mentee, she asked me if we could meet before the class to give me a brief overview about the class. We discussed class size and level. We also briefly discussed the activities that they were going to be doing that day. This initial meeting was important to make her feel at assuage (Maynard, 2000). Basically, the outcomes of my mentoring relationship depended on the inter someoneal qualities of both mentor and mentee. Through the mentoring relationship the mentee could achieve guidance practice (Harrison, Dymoke Pell, 2004, p.1058) provided by the mentor. An effective mentor involved being a reflective practitioner (Schn, 1983, in Russell T. 2005, p.199) as stated by Larrivee B. (2000) that becoming an effective teacher involves considerably more than accumulating skills and strategies.The first week slighton card (see appendix 1) was non that easy for me as the teacher (mentee) was not feeling at ease and my presence was not highly appreciated. Roberts (2000) quo tes Smith and Alfred in reflexion that it is extremely difficult to fulfill the role of mentor (p.161). Therefore, mentors need to be good role models (Stammers, 1992, in Roberts, 2000, p. 159) who have the respect of their mentees and are held in good require for their in-person attri preciselyes. I hold the opinion that my engagement as a mentor was not as effective as I would have liked in the initial period of mentoring. So, the ability to critically analyze my own writ of execution and to seek ways to improve was fundamental. Hence, being engaged in reflective practice could help to improve professionally and is a great way to increase authorisation. I recognised therefore and decided to look nearly at Gibbs reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988) so that I could design this as a better model for future meetings. I was new to the role of mentor and did not fully understand the challenges of mentoring as I was not demonstrating enough trouble and support to my mentee. Only upon b eing engaged in the mentor-mentee relationship sincerely opened my eyes to the potential of mentoring and the role I could play. Lester and Johnson (1981), envelop the holistic nature of mentoring by saying that mentoring is a one- to- one learning relationship between an an older person and a less experienced person based on a modelling of behaviour and extended dialogue between them. (in George Mampilly, 2012, p.137). With this increase understanding, I started to engage much better in my role. I was not there to answer all the questions but to listen and hopefully help my mentee run into her own answers. As a mentor, I felt there was an obvious need to use a range of strategies that would enable my mentee to develop her skills. For a made and productive mentoring relationship, it was important for both mentor and mentee to have a common view of their roles and to understand how to get the best out of the mentoring experience.Once I spotless the Bell (2002), mentors scale, I realized that I am very kind- hearted and a generous person where I am inclined more to openness, sociability and less to dominance. This is significant, as I am open to criticism and this positively helped me while mentoring. I furthermore laid stress on the significance of communication as I would have failed as a mentor if there were communication barriers between us. It was very noteworthy for me that my mentee sensed as resolved as she could, as this shall aid to strongly build a hopeful mentor and mentee relationship. My mentee has been teaching the same length as me. Since my presence was not highly appreciated during the first week, I thought we should have a feedback meeting as soon as possible. It is identified by Waite, 1997 Hyland Lo, 2006 Copland, 2008a, in Copland (2010) that In order to perform these duties, tutors/mentors unremarkably hold a feedback session with the trainee teacher after having observed them teaching (p. 266). In the course of this meeting while q uestioning her, it became clear that she felt pressured imputable to my presence in the class. Therefore it was very important that I build her confidence by being as supportive as I could and cherished her to be independent. Korthagen Vasalos, (2005) claimed that many teacher educators use Kolbs model (Kolb Fry, 1975), which describes experiential learning as a cyclical process of concrete experience, reflective honoring, abstract preparation and active experimentation (p.50). I followed the Kolb model of experiential learning (Kolb, 1984). This suggested that by going through the different stages of the learning cycle could help both mentor and mentee engage in professional learning evolution. As a result, mentors can thus help mentees develop the skills of reflective practice and acquire initial experiences (Russell T. 2005, p.199) On the other hand, a mentors responsibility is also to help another individual to address the major transitions or thresholds that the individu al is facing (Megginson, 1994, in Woodds, 1997, p335). Mentors do not need to be perfect but they do need to be willing and able to grow in a relationship and build on mutual contributions where this role is seen as an occasion to learn from the mentee as well as providing training to her.During the second week observation (see appendix 2), I recall there was a shift in our relationship. We were encouraging each other with our own professional development and there was a new air of confidence surrounding us. As I assisted my mentee to develop her own professional practice, I was interested into improving my own mentoring skills (Coombs and Fletcher, 2005). Working in a cooperative way enabled me as a mentor to start finding solutions to the problems arising. Since a mentor is someone who imparts knowledge and experience and shares it with a less experienced person he/ she acts as a guide (Roberts, 2000), master or advisor (Gibbs, 2003). Thus, the mentor also uses specific skills, frameworks and processes to develop insight and to promote change. In regard to knowledge development, good mentors are seen as sources of knowledge (Little, 1990, in Orland- Barak Hasin, 2009, p.429). In this respect, mentors access their theoretical knowledge and translate it for mentoring purposes in order to enhance the mentees teaching- learning processes (Ardery, 1990 Roberts, 2000, in Orland- Barak Hasin, 2009, p.429). The term mentor has been used for a number of different models, as I believe there are many factors that affect the role including the mentees level of experience and the time in the mentoring relationship. As a mentor I had encountered some difficulties in finding the best way to work with my mentee so I was keen to adopt a different turn up to my mentoring relationship. If my skills of mentoring were lacking then my mentee might have received less support during mentoring relationship than she otherwise would have make. Yet, I veered more towards the dire ctive approach and was offering suggestions rather than waiting for my mentee to come to her own conclusions. My focus was very much on the development of my interpersonal skills and practice. Nevertheless, it was in comprehend where I felt that there was actual development in my practice over the two observations. My understanding to a mentors role was that I should be a good listener (Cain, 2009, p.55) so that I enable my mentee to reflect on the actuality of her practice (John and Gilchrist, 1999, p.102). I was actually in the moment, listening to what was being said and then responding to it, rather than listening and trying to work out what was my own response to them might be. Likewise, the Mauritian Teaching Competencies 2.3 (See accessory 6), teachers should be able to gain learners attention and be able to sustain their interests. My mentee used video lesson to gain the learners attention. Moreover, she did not meet the terms with the Mauritian Teaching Competencies 1.2.4 and 1.2.5 (see Appendix 6), which are an understanding of the special needs of individual learners and of specific learning difficulties, an understanding of how to develop the thinking and problem solving skills of learners across the curriculum. She should pay attention to the development of literacy and numeracy skills in every subject, every lesson (DfES 2004, 3, p.2). It is imperative to highlight the features of each subject that need constant attention in order to boost performance and ensure progression. It is thus significant to realise what motivates lower-attaining students to learn and what methods could be used in in order to create motivation.By following the third observation (see appendix 3), there may be, therefore, a mismatch with a teacher who, as a qualified person, would wish to be able to make their own decisions about personal and professional development and about their pupils needs. In my communications with my mentee consequently made me feel assured by se eing her able to use appropriate teaching strategies relevant to the age, ability and attainment level of learners which is an area which is linked to Mauritian teaching competency 1.3.4 (see appendix 6). When I observed my mentee in class, she did engage the students in group work which was lacking during the first observation, conformed to the active engagement techniques (DfES, 2004, 11). My mentee involved the students in sharing their knowledge, ideas and perspectives and arrive at a awash(predicate) understanding than they might have done working alone (DfES, 2004, 11, p.5). In order for a successful mentoring relationship take place, I believe that skills and qualities such as open communication (Bradbury Koballa, 2008, p.55), listening (Edwards and Collison, 1996, in Hobson, 2002, p.2135), mutual trust (Awaya et al., 2003, p.55) and being supportive should prevail. Mentoring and coaching provides a vital link with positive reflective practice. Throughout the mentoring rel ationship, there need to be a strong sense of self belief and efficacy, as goals can be realistically achieved. Through this experience, I managed to prove myself and help my mentee by not giving up. The foundation for being a good mentor is in building a good working relationship with the mentee. Achieving this one initial, important goal will solidly underpin every other aspect of mentoring. In mentoring, time is at a premium. As such, there should be effective use of time in order for good working relationships to be achieved as quickly as possible. However, to achieve this, the mentees first day and week should be managed in a productive and welcoming way (Maynard, 2000, p.26), and furthermore the mentor should make use of good communication skills and active listening. The effective mentor does not feel that they are perfect nor that they know all the answers. They are real people who are still learning themselves but are willing to share what they do know. Good mentors are non - judgmental about their mentees and in being so are able to develop a relationship based upon trust and acceptance. Only in such an open and trusting atmosphere can a student really feel at ease and free to ask for help and to question. Perhaps the most useful communication skill in mentoring is that of active listening.I then proceeded with my fourth class observation (See Appendix 4). By identifying my strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats helped me to develop and improve my own mentoring skills. For this assignment, a personal SWOT analysis (QuintCareers.Com) was genuine where I reflected on my own development as a mentor. The SWOT analysis (see appendix 7) was then used to identify my personal development goals. The goals were centered on consolidating strengths and thinking about how best I could use them. The goals were also about overcoming my weaknesses, exploiting opportunities and nullifying threats. The personal SWOT analysis proved to be a useful tool for he lping me to be self- reflective. As a consequence my aim as a mentor was to increase teacher effectiveness where while mentoring I assumed my responsibility to help mentee evaluate and overcome challenges in the classroom in order to become better teachers (Korthagen, 2004). Particularly, my idea is in line with Lopez-Real Kwan, (2005, in Kwan Lopez-Real, 2010) that in the process of mentoring, my own personal and professional understanding developed as I worked collaboratively and reflectively with my mentee (p. 724). When I observed my mentee in class, she portrayed an image of a teacher who stands at the depend of the classroom and explaining things (Korthagen, 2004, p.81). Learning can be described as a process (Edwards Protheroe, 2003). The environment such as school culture and classroom, where the learner will evolve is an important fact. Therefore, the teacher (mentee) has to act as a facilitator. The teacher has to be more students centered and lass dominant in the clas sroom. Thus the teachers approach to interaction with learners should be different. To some extent, my mentee have used engaged learning technique in the classroom. Basically, in terms of building prior knowledge of students, this is done by conducting a brainstorming session in class (DfES, 2004, 19)My mentee organised the students into group so that they could discuss, plan, monitor and reflect on their work. As such they developed their thinking and problem solving skills. As a result, the role of the mentor became one of raising the ante by gradually (Edwards Protheroe, 2003, p. 231) facilitating the mentee to distinguish and answer to the trouble of the situation even though, the mentee as learner is involved in practice.My first time as a mentor allowed me to learn a lot where I learnt about my individual development as a mentor. It has also helped me out to achieve the ability to challenge, motivate and reflect. In sum, if mentoring relationship is successful then necessar ily the coach themselves will notice an increase in their own awareness. I feel that the process of trying to identify myself as a mentor has equipt me with skills which will serve me well both professionally and personally and I can say without doubt that the journey thus far has been very enlightening. This flip of work underlined, the significance of the affective in students school-based learning the close relationship that exists between the personal and the professional (Furlong Maynard, 1995, in Maynard, 2000, p.29). In mentoring, mentee often discussed good practice and made reference to how mentors made them feel. For example, welcome, accepted, included, supported and recognised as an individual (Maynard, 2000). The way in which the mentee responded to me in this respect impacted on the mentor mentee relationship and eventually contributed to her success. There is absolutely a need for mentors to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to work effectively with the mentee .

FDI and Balance of Payment Relationship in Canada

FDI and Balance of Payment Relationship in CanadaChapter OneIntroductionHistory of FDIForeign enthronement was in truth common in the late ni pull ineenth century. It was a strategy from British to provide fund for frugal schooling in other acres, as salubrious as to gain ownership of financial assets. Godley 1999 menti wizd in his research that the bulk of FDI that was establish on British manufacturing industry before 1890 was in industrial goods field. He also mentions that most investors failed as a result of narrow focus and their major concern his to enhance British grocery store. Singer Manufacturing Comp nigh(prenominal) was an exception receivable to its commitment to FDI and being the first biggest and modern Multi publish Corporation in the humanness (Moosa, 2002).During the era of interwar in the twentieth century, FDI redressd and later rose except in that location was an astonished development in that period, British status was lost as a world creditor, and the States became the economic and financial power and FDI was favoured by USA levy law. After the world war, FDI increased as a result of two reasons firstly, good technology in the argona of communication and transportation that bring off distance barrier. Secondly, the need of reconstruction of war damages by European countries and rest of the rich realm around the world. (Moosa, 2002).In the 1980s, there was a decline in FDI (outward). This was due to the fact that most host countries started resisting U.S control and ownership of domestic hards. Also, host countries rec everyplaceed by initiating FDI in USA which affect US net inflow. In the 1970s, there was a big f alone in the U.S FDI but British was back to FDI condescension as a result of northward sea oil boom and the abolition of abroad exchange controls in 1979. In 1980s, changes in FDI occurred in which USA became a net debtor nation and major recipient of FDI with an unfavourable net outside(a) couch. This was caused by depreciation of U.S dollar, restrictive trade policy and low saving rate in U.S miserliness. This disenabled the U.S in financing its own investment in its economy, giving rise to needs of FDI from other nations like Germ some(prenominal) and Japan. Also, in the 1980s Japan became a major provider of FDI to U.S.A, Europe and South East of Asia. Most countries embrace Japanese investors because of its provision of cheap stab. The revolution of FDI in the 80s dissolve be attributed to world-wideization. (Moosa, 2002).In the 1990s, there was bonny improvement in the investment climate which exposed most countries to the benefits of FDI. Some of the reasons that led to the improvement FDI of be removal of FDI obstacles, changes in attitude and increases in FDI intensive. The removal of local hindrances by means of deregulation and privatization was favourable to FDI. Another remarkable thing that happened in the 1990s was the fall in the logical implicationance of Japan as a front runner of FDI. This caused economic doom in Japanese economy. Finally, FDI has gone through many reforms from countries to countries, in the late 90s, the number of treaties for the avoidance of double impose reached a total of 1871. In 1998 and 1999 some measures like protection, liberalization and promotion was brought in by the host nation (policies) on FDI. (Moosa, 2002).Globally, the economic development of deeper and to a greater extent sophisticated internal and international financial grocery store, improvements in information network and technological advancement attain made contribution to sound financial and economic integration. For a nation to partake in any of the economic gains arising from these processes it need to adopt reform policies to improve efficiency.Most countries advocate FDI to move on economic development because of its indirect mend in the host economy due to increase in competition, technical know-how and technological spill-ove r via multinational corporations to domestic strongs. Gorg and Greenway (2002, stated in Morris 2008, p.4) that a possible channel is one in which domestic firms ar thought to imitate the technology used by the companies. This give result to purify ways of local firms of making their production. Competition is another positive effect of FDI. The entry of unusual companies compels the domestic ones to be more(prenominal) efficient in all ramifications. The latter gains better skill entrust from employee training through new improved technology requirement in the production process. (Morris 2008).FDI helps local firm to rotate organization bureaucracy, sub judiceity and financial obstacles encountered in the host economy. International organisations always recommend that little developed countries rely mainly on FDI as a source of external finance. Hericourt Poncet (2008, p.1) confirm that the development of cross border kinship with foreign countries help private domesti cs firms to bypass both the financial and legal obstacles that they event at homeAt the same time, many whitethorn not be pleased with the policies that encourage FDI which might be unfavourable to host economy since foreigners will incur allot in domestic economic participatingness. According to Holden (2007), there was an argument that foreign-controlled investments may be bias and not act in the best interest of locals and nationals that profit may be exported out of the kingdom and that foreign ownership could score national security implications in situation where industries or products are of strategic momentance. These concern links to energy and natural resource sector. The concerns may lead to countries to place restriction on investment in sector that involves strategic importance.Canadian Chamber of vocation had an annual general meeting in 2007. A resolution was passed Attracting FDI to Canada, among the issues discussed in the meeting was an advise for Canadian government to adopt policies that encourage foreign investor to Canada, even though some call for tighter restrictions for FDI due to its demerits (Morris, 2008).Canada was among the countries that provided a shield for his economy with the provision of 1985 Investment Canada Act. This Act states that any proposed foreign direct investment above a certain amount is subject to review and approval from the industry Minister. For the proposed investment to be approved, it must mental testing that its proposed investment provide a net benefit to Canada, some of the things the industry Minister will consider are employment, investment in Canada to compete in the world marketplace, the compatibility of the investment with national industrial, economic and cultural policies and many others (Holden, 2007).Using Canada (a res publica that has benefited from FDI in all ramifications from the perspective of macro economics level charge to the micro level, from one sector to another secto r) as a case study. It is obvious that Canada has gained so much in FDI both in forward linkages and converse linkages. According to the Daily (May 6, 2008), the stock of FDI in Canada sky rocketed in the last eight years, and the sector that had the biggest share were the resource based industries.The Canadian Chamber of Commerce Annual General Meeting (2007) passed a resolution titled Attracting Foreign Direct Investment to Canada. The meeting called for the Canadian government to send a nominate and positive message to foreign investors that Canada wants inbound investment through a proactive investment strategy and promotion champagne (Morris, 2008).AimMost forward studies focused on the role of FDI on economic growth but their findings shows that FDI is not significant to economics growth. Carkovic and Levine (2002), prove that FDI does not independently influence on economic growth. However, economic growth and balance of payment (BOP) as a macro-economic objectives of any rational nation, in which there is sort of trade-off in both objectives.(this will be condone in the literature review section ).(pass et al. 1995). Countries calls for FDI coming between the two objectives as result nation rationale of protectionism ( quotas ,high import duties and embargo) to resolve balance of payment problem, and to gain import substitution and export promotion agenda. Keynesian economic growth model, which is measured with Gross Domestic intersection (GDP), be possessed of many parcel much(prenominal) as government expenditure, consumption level, investment, and export minus import (BOP current account). Changes in any of these components will have multiplier effect on the economic growth. (Moosa, 2002). FDI will have direct effect on host nations balance of payment which will indirectly impact the host country growth. The question being asked in this research is there any relationship between FDI and BOP? The aim of this dissertation is to determine the r elationship between FDI and Balance of Payment in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008. This aim will be achieve by building a model to explain the casual relationship between dependent variable and independent variables to figure out the relationship between FDI and BOP. Also, hypothesis will be formulated to test some of the objectives of the study. Robin says in Saunders (2007) that with deductive research its necessary to deduct a hypothesis. The study explores six possible issuesObjectivesTo determine the property of Canadian cracking account explained by growth in FDI in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008.To determine the proportion of Canadian Current account explained by growth in FDI in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008.To determine the proportion of Canadian Import explained by growth in FDI in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008.To determine the proportion of Canadian Export explained by growth in FDI in Canada over the period of 1990 to 2008.To ascertain the relationship between Canadian FDI and Canadian BOP over the period of 1990 to 2008.To examine the major (countries) contributor to Canadian FDI over the period of 1990 to 2008.Significant of the studyThe significant of this study is to know the role of FDI in achieving one of the macro economic objective. This to ascertain if FDI will affect BOP in Canada positively or negatively. If the effect is positive, there will be needs of up(a) scope or magnitude for FDI in Canada for the future .However if it is negative there may needs for government policies to restrict the inflow of FDI to Canada so as to achieve a favourable bop.The consecutive chapters will structure in the following ways chapter two discusses the theoretical background information related to FDI, chapter three examines the donnish literature relevant to the topic and also describes the methodology while chapter four presents the empirical analysis and discusses the econometrics result. The concluding chapter pro vides a conclusion of the research work.Chapter two literary productions ReviewTheoretical Background(Moosa,2002) defines Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as the process whereby residence of a country (the source country) acquire ownership of asset for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution and other activities of a firm in another country (the host country). It involves the transfer of financial capital, technology and other skills such as managerial, marketing, accountancy, and so on. International Monetary Funds Balance of Payment Manual defines FDI as an investment that is made to get a long pertinacious interest in a organisation operating in an economy difference the investor.(Canada Statistics, 2008) defines FDI as a component of a nations international investment position which explains a countrys investment position the difference between aggregate financial assets and aggregate financial liabilities. Direct investment, portfolio investment and other invest ment are the component of financial asset and financial liabilities. (Frankel and Romer, 1999) describe FDI as one of the all-important(a) catalysts for economic growth in a nation especially in less developed countries. This statement describes the significance of FDI to a nation.FDI can also be descri bang as a company from one country making animal(prenominal) investment into building a factory in another country. It is the establishment of an effort by a foreigner. (UNCTAD, 2002) defines FDI as investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprise operating outside the investors economy. In short, a business or firm that undertake FDI become a multinational national company (MNCs) because of it ability to own many subsidiaries in many foreign countries. Foreign Direct investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in any host economy in the aspect of economic prosperity and building wealth. It also leads to increase in capital flow and, highly skilled humans power, and reduction in unemployment and importation of advanced equipment and technology to enhance output level. This has a direct impact on the nations gross domestic product by promoting economic development. Mutenyo (2008), said most less developed countries now adopt policies that encourage FDI. Among these policies are privatization, trade and exchange rate liberalization, and, tax rebate and incentives for foreign investors to enjoy the business environment.FDI is different from other components (such as international financial assets, portfolios and so on) of international investment. International Monetary Fund (IMF 2003, p.6) define FDI as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another country (p.6). IMF further explained that a direct investment is established when a foreign investor has more than 10% ordinary share or voting right of a host country enterp rise (IMF 2003, p6-7). In Canada, direct investment is measured as the total value of equity, net long-term claims and net short-term claims held by the enterprises border (Canada Statistics, 2008). FDI has been increasing globally over the last two decades. Especially in the 90s, FDI increased more than the world economic growth. According to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) data collection pertaining to FDI regulations in 1991, it shows that between January 1991 and December 2002, total of over 1600 measures were introduced by 165 countries more that 90% of them was in favour of FDI in terms of changes the nature of the introduced measures ranging from security for investors, to liberalization of rules governing the inflow of foreign investors, to measures that are promotional in nature(UNCTAD, 2003). The measures were extended to the international level through double taxation treaties (DTT) and bilateral investment treaties (BIT).Over the last four dec ades, FDI have gone through series of transformation in Canada. Gellaty 2006 (in Morris, 2008, p6) explained the reason for the emergence of the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA). Due to growing concern of FDI in the late sixties and early 1970s, the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA) was established to regulate and monitor FDI. The regulation governing FDI and FIRA was replaced with Investment Canada in 1985. The regulation was aimed at protect and promoting FDI in Canada. There was also an implementation of Canada-U.S Free Agreement (CUFTA) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to promote FDI further in Canada.FDI expect to be a topic that covers both narrow and broader area. Feenstra (1999,quoted in Liebscher 2007, p.3) expresses FDI as the combination of both international trade in goods and international financial flows, and as a phenomenon more complex than either international trade or international financial flow. From micro-economics perspective, FDI raises the issues of location consideration and ownership. From the macro-economics angle, FDI considers the fear of unemployment and the loss of freedom. For Policy makers, FDI is an issue to balance the benefits of spillovers with growing concern of the public. The concern authorities will be rational in policies that will favour FDI and all concern parties. FDI is one of the chance upon features of the modern globalized world. According to (Peter 2008), most industrialists believed that there is international links in the late medieval and early modern era. They were also of the opinion that multinational firms became crucial in numerous industries in the late nineteenth century but the period since World War II and in particular, since 1985 have seen an explosion in FDI both in relative and absolute terms to the levels of trade and gross domestic product.However, economic possibleness provides an extensive economics literature which was developed to canvas the causes, nature and consequences of FDI. One of the reasons for the creation of FDI is as a result of cheap cost of production in the host economy. FDI occurs when the benefits of producing in a foreign market out weighs the cost of economic of scale from producing exclusively in the firms home plant (Neary 2008, p.13). This benefit can be explained by the concept of proximity tightness trade-off. That is foreign firms take avail of trade off in production in home countries which will expose them to high exportation cost and international trade barriers relative to proximity to customer and low transportation cost. There are some conflicting predictions about the effect of FDI on economic growth. Blomstrom and Kokako (1998, quoted in Mutenuyo 2008, p.3) explain that spillover occurs if the entrance of multinational enterprises (MNE) result to efficiency and productivity benefit to the domestic firms in the host country and MNE is not able to internalize the expert value of these benefits. On the other hand, negative externalities exist if the activities of FDI result to loss in efficiency, productivity and profitability among the local firms and the alien investors do not set them for their loss. In a nutshell, FDI can be detrimental to an economy.MNE are assumed to compete favourably with the more advanced local firms since the local firms will have an edge over the foreign investors in local market share, skills, export contracts, cordial relationship with suppliers and the customer and so on. On the other hand, the foreign firms may be more advance in technological know-how, research and development, and the financial resources for their home economy.(Hericourt and Poncet ,2009) confirms that the development of cross-border relationships with foreign companies helps private firms to bypass both the financial and legal hindrance that they face at home.Types of FDIThe types of FDI can be considered from dual angle from the perspective of foreign investor country and from the perspective of host country. Since the study is focused on Canada, FDI will be examined in both ways. There are three types of FDI- vertical, horizontal and conglomerate- from the perspective of the source nation (investors).Vertical FDI (Hill,1998) provides a clear object lesson of vertical FDI by dividing into two Forward vertical FDI and Backward vertical FDI. The former is applicable in a situation where a local firm invest into another industry abroad that sells the output product of the local firms production process, while the latter is used when the foreign sales of a firm provide inputs for the downstream operation of the local firms.Horizontal FDI is applicable when the goods produced in the host country are the same as in the home country for horizontal expansion (Caves, 1971). (Hill,1998) defines it as firms invest in the same industry as the same operational activity in their homeland.Conglomerate FDI is the combination of horizontal and vertical FDI. That is, firm operating in separate business, (Luladhar 2008).FDI FROM THE ANGLE OF HOST ECONOMYExport-increasing FDI is caused as a result of items produced in host country as an input for home country such as warm material or intermediate goods. This type of FDI will enhance the exportation of the host nation if there is high demand for the raw material or intermediate goods from the home country.Import- substituting FDI This type of FDI is applicable when the goods previously imported from the home country are now been produced from the host economy which will generate more employment .This is caused as a result of host government policy on trade barriers, market size, labour cost and so on.Government initiated FDI This is when the policy makers provide some incentive that attracts foreign investors into the host economy. This incentive could be tax holiday, tax discount and so on.The Determinant of FDI (Motives)There are four motives that determine FDI. These determinants provide reason why firms should use FDI to tap in business globalization. These motives are acquired inputs (raw material orientation), market orientation, cost orientation, and strategic asset seeking motives orientation.Raw Material Orientation According to Dunning (1993), availability of raw material is the bed rock of any firm, especially the manufacturing firms. Usually the cost of importing raw material from the source to where is needed is outrageous, even the duration cost of getting the raw material to host firm is another visible problem that affects the overall performance of production. Therefore, it is more economical for firms to produce in an environment that has easy portal to raw material.s (Atik et al., 2008).Market Orientation This is when firms produce goods in a host country instead of shipping it directly from the home country. This occurs when foreign market is protected by the government restriction goods importation or high importation duties. It will cost less to produce in the host economy market to avoid international restriction and unnecessary cost. Market orientation draws foreign supplier closer to the buyers in the host economy. (Atik et al., 2008).Cost- Orientation Motive Cost minimisation is one the firms strategy to optimize profit. Porter (1998, stated in Atik et al.2008, p 29) explains that among the generic strategies of a firm, cost leading is the best strategy. In cost leadership strategy, a firm will prefer to become the lower cost producer in its industry. So firm prefer to site their location where they will enjoy the lower cost of factors of production. Good examples of this firm from developed nation prefer to locate their firms in less developed nation because of cheap labour and other cost of production.Asset Seeking FDI Foreign firms prefer to have access to gain industrial asset in host country which will more profitable to have in there home country. The foreign firm will sustains or advance its international competitivenes s, technological advancement, and opening up the new market though its asset accusation from the host nation (Atik et al., 2008). There fore, a firm that owes foreign asset is better positioned in global market competition compare to its counterpart.Theories of FDIMost literature reveals why investors prefer to produce abroad instead of staying in the home country. Dunning 2003 p.278) assert that the growth of existing foreign value activities in service might require a different set of explanations than to follow initial decision to invest abroad. There are some theories that explain FDI and MNEs in global business especially in goods sector.(Helldin ,2007) is of the opinion that FDI theory is fragmented and consists of various economic theories. There are no complete theories that explain FDI it was just the bits by bits from numerous authors. Hymer was one of the first authors to explain the theory of FDI in 1960(mention in Na, Lv Ligthfoot, 2006). Hymer believes that the multi national national companies (MNCs) have the potential to expand the business due their oligopolistic nature. He said MNCs have firm specialized advantages that establish market power on global market due to their technical know-how, product differentiation, RD and so on.Dunnings Eclectic Paradigm (Professor John H. Dunnings 1977 OLI-framework also called Dunnings eclectic paradigm)Dunning 1977,Helldin 2007, p8), explains that the three factors that constitute to MNEs location in host country. These factors are Ownership Specific Advantage (O), reparation-Specific Advantage (L) and internalisation Advantage (I). Ownership specific are business advantages such as capital, advance technology, well know brand names and product with dominant standard (p8). It further explained that the higher the level of business competitive advantage are compare to foreign competitors on a specific location the more the business will be involved in foreign production. Location will also be based on the countries competitive advantage, originated in the partners home countries (Helldin, 2007). Ekstrom (1998 stated in Helldin 2007) is of the opinion that the combination of O with L is why a specific location is elect to make FDI. The third (internalization) advantage is meeting demands on global market by trading. (Dunning 1977, Helldin 2007, p8).Ownership Specific Advantage (O) MNEs enjoys business advantage in some area such as size, established position, and monopoly power. MNEs also have some specific advantage in some business area such as capital, advance technology, research and development, highly skilled human capital, trade marks, receipt of government grant and property right over intellectual property (Bennett, 1999).Location Hypothesis (L)This hypothesis explains the existence of FDI which is a result of international immobility of factors of production labour, natural resources and weather. The immobility factors result to location-related differences in the cost of production. Horst (1972b, quote in Moosa, 2002, p.33) used this hypothesis to explain US FDI in Canada. Most MNEs prefer to locate their production facilities in an area where there is cheap labour. Lucas (1993) proves that there is reverse relationship between FDI and wages. He explained that a rise in wages in the host economy will increase the cost of production and have adverse effect on production and FDI. This will shift the host economy from labour incentive to capital incentive and will also encourage FDI Lucas (1993).The advantages of location specific (L) include low transport cost, low purchase input, economics of large scale, good communication, low labour cost, near to market advantage, availability of local business support ( market research firm) and the avoidance of trade restriction (artificial barriers) impose by host nation to reduced import (Bennett, 1999).Internalization HypothesisInternalization hypothesis explains that FDI arises due to the impact of MNEs. MNEs is established to replace market (external) transaction with internal transaction. Coase (1973, says in Moosa, 2002) is of the opinion that market cost can be saved by forming a firm (p, 32). He gave an example of bottleneck encountered in purchasing oil product while compelling a firm to buy a refinery. These problems are caused by market failure and imperfection in intermediate goods, including technical know how, marketing and management enterprises (Moosa, 2002). MNEs invest in host countries in order to boycott expensive suppliers and distributors. Foreign government import restrictions will be avoided through local subsidy earlier than exporting direct. Also the marketing aspect will be managed and controlled by the producing firm there will be no intermediate sales or Value Added tax (Bennett, 1999). According to Dunning (2003), internalization incentive advantages are to protect or exploit market failure (p.99).The Product Cycle possiblenessThe theory was invented by Vernon in 1966. This theory explains the competitive advantage possessed by MNEs or potential MNEs originated in a country instead of another. The competitive advantage move from a stage of local production in home market, to exportation, and then to FDI (Dunning 2003). His theory was a based on U.S. directs investment in import substitution producing activities standards and economics structure. Also the ownership advantages of firms that produces or supplies a product had a little say about the advantages of common governance (Dunning, 2003). The theory is more useful in analysis of MNEs in FDI activities such as capital exportation, services activities, inward outward investment and so on.Core Asset TheoryCore Asset Theory was propounded by Hymer in 1976. Dunning said the theory explains the territorial expansion of a firm in terms of its exclusive or privileged possession of intangible assets, which it perceived could be utilized in a foreign country Dunning (2003, p.279). Se veral writers have to identify which O specific right were the most significant in determining the ability of MNEs to compete in foreign market. The theory examines the role of Foreign Service firms in market seeking sector, which is different from Product Cycle Theory focus on resources based industries or manufacturing sector. Also the theory was less concerned with where firms or MNES are located. According to Dunning (2003), the theory underestimates the important of the organizational mechanism by which the competitive advantage (Product Cycle Theory) is exploited (Dunning, 2003). The theory is limited to FDI or MNEs in technological advancement ,RD, position, product quality and so on, but it just examines the growth in foreign firms in global oriented and integrated service industries (Dunning ,2003). system Related the TheoriesKnickerbocker, in 1973, was the first person to examine the strategy of MNEs. His analysis was that MNEs activities will be a function of high seller concentration. Dunning (2003) stated that Knickerbocker hypothesized that MNE activity would tend to be concentrated in industries characterized by high seller concentration, and that firms in those industries will engage in follow my leader tactics in the timing of their foreign investments, to protect or advanced their global competitive position (Dunning, 2003, p.280). Most studies on MNEs, the area of extraction, manufacturing and the likes was in support of this theory but the theory was less relevant in foreign firms activities in service industries because of its less oligopolistic nature (Dunning, 2003). However, these theory was fragile in MNEs with high level of variegation since one of the main aims of MNEs is expansion and diversify in area like service sector which may be outside their main activities which will create problem for the theory.The Risk Diversification HypothesisThe theoretical background of this hypothesis can be traced back to the theory of portfolio sel ection by Markowitz (1959) and Tobin (1958). The risk variegation hypothesis was propounded by Grubelin in 1968, but the idea was revisited and made known by Rugman in 1979. The hypothesis was that MNEs reduces the portfolio risk by diversification, which is investment in foreign assets that usually consist of service industries like banking, insurance, communication and so on. Most construction firm may want to make their working capital active by buying financial assets (Dunning, 2003). This kind of investment is not capital intensive.The Aliber ThesisAlibers (1970 1971, quoted in Dunning, 2003, p.280) seek to determine why firms pay their foreign assets in local currencies when they produce abroad. The theory explains that foreign firms take advantage of the home stronger currency to acquire ownership of assets in host economy due to their flea-bitten currency. Albert also argues that fluctuation in foreign exchange market that result to undervaluation or overvaluat

Foreshadowing in Anna Karenina :: Tolstoy Anna Karenina Essays

Foreshadowing in Anna Karenina Throughout life there are situations which arise that seem to pretend been hinted earlier. You might not have noticed the hint when it first appeared, but suddenly at one point it finally dawns on you. The same goes for the literary aspect of foreshadowing. The novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy has many instances where the situations are similar to the one described above. The following paragraphs will present the foreshadowing that is included in this novel. When Anna Karenina is met by her brother Oblonsky at the train station, a scene arises that clues into a valuable part of the story. She had just met Vronsky and as Anna and Oblonsky were leaving, a train personnel was draw by the train. Anna burst into tears and exclaims that it is a bad omen. Her brother calms her down but it is clearly evident that this part of the story gives an inclination to the mess Anna ends up being entangled in. Late one evening, the doorbell rings an d Oblonsky goes and greets the visitor. As Anna is walking to her bedroom, she glances over to see who had called at such a late hour. She straightaway recognizes it to be Vronsky and she feels a strange feeling of pleasure mixed with a feeling of vague apprehension suddenly stirred in her heart.( page 90)This tells of what may be the conflict in the plot. The day after the great ball Anna announces that she must leave. Dolly expresses her gratitude toward everything Anna has done to help her in her time of crisis. She tells Anna that she does not know of a person with a greater heart. Anna tells her that Kitty was depressed because Vronsky spent the evening with her. She exclaims that it wasnt her fault. Dolly remarks that Anna sounds exactly like Stiva. Anna appears to be offended and says that she is nothing like Stiva. In the end she ends acting similar to Stiva. Kitty was quite depressed and Dolly knew what was troubling her. She went to visit Kitty and told he r that she was going by dint of what all women go through at one point in their life.

American Law Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout the United States there are many different laws among the fifty states that eviscerate up this union. The laws are different throughout the states because of the need of the laws. Living in one state and not having the advantages or disadvantages of a law in some other state would not be that unfair or unequal. This is true because if you dont like a law in your state you could always weigh it and try to change it or you could always move out of that state and go to one that has the laws that you like.One of the big issues in life today is crap-shooter safety. Due to the recent high school shootings many legislatures are pushing for stricter gun laws. In Montana you cant carry a hide heavy weapon inside city, town or logging camp limits but if you have a permit you can carry a concealed weapon in many instances. Where as in Wisconsin the state does not give permits that give a person the right to carry a concealed weapon, if caught with a concealed weapon it is a mi sdemeanor. Now expression at these two cases would you say that this is unfair to the people in Wisconsin because they cant walk around the streets with a concealed gun. I dont think that it is unfair but in fact a precaution that Wisconsin has, and they are actually looking out for the safety of their citizens. Another law that we can look at is drinking and driving. All the states have different laws on how high your blood alcoholic beverage level can be. After reviewing some of the laws I found that in Vermont if your are pull...

Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation :: American History Research Papers

Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation Until Abraham Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on 22 family line 1862, the Presidents enunciation of Civ il War aims centered squarely upon the restoration of the Union, and purposefuly omited the inclusion of the abolition of slavery. Dismantling the institution of slavery was not his eventual(prenominal) objective, and Lincoln was forced to pursue a war strategy tha t would not push the slaveholding b score -states into the open arms of the Confederacy. General buns C. Fremont, however, living up to his reputation for impulsive acts and liberal interpretations of his own authority, proclaimed the freedom of any slave c onfiscated under his command in Missouri. This order ran counter to Lincolns war strategy and threatened to deliver Kentucky and other border - states to the Confederacy. Nevertheless, although Fr6monts decision was injudicious and unconstitutional accord ing to Lincoln, the conditions in Mis souri, the strategic importance of holding that state, and the latitude given by the inistration to Fremont in his western department command, indicate that his order may have had military and governmental value, but th at it was il timed. As a result, Lincoln did not censure or relieve Fremont for this particular act, but congenialy asked him to amend his declaration to avert unwanted political and military consequences. Lincolns belief in the utility of emancipati on as a tool to defeat the southernmost was demonstrated a year later with the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.Expressions of Character Who was John C. Fremont?In the course of a lifetime, each person wil act and oppose in various ways when he or s he is confronted with particular circumstances and situations. While individual expressions of behavior can be misleading, paterns of behavior can reveal true character and values. Fremont is no exception. Long before he proclaimed the slaves of Missou ris Confe derate sympathizers to be free, Fremont frequently acted and interacted in a manner that indicated an aversion to authority, an enduring pride, and an impulsive and independent nature. The strength of these characteristics wil be made clear in a discussion of his emancipation order, but setoff it is necessary to examine a selection of Fr6monts earlier experiences so that the order can be put in beter perspective.Expeditions. Fremont is best known for his federal agency as an instrument of America n Empire as he surveyed and mapped the burgeoning American frontier.